People who make decisions based on emotion and justify those decisions with logic afterwards are poor decision makers.
The sequence of work to be followed in the construction of a building is the at most important procedures of construction. The major sequences of construction are marking, excavation, concreting, brick masonry, roof laying, flooring and finishing.
In this article we study the sequences of building construction in detail.
Sequences of Work in Building Construction
1. Paper Work
Construction of residential building required paper work before the start of actual construction. The paper works are preparation of drawings, estimation of material cost, labor cost & contingencies, approval of drawings from City Development Authority.
Fig 1: Making of drawings.
2. Marking of Layout
The approved plan boundaries are marked in the ground first and the ground inside and outside the layout is cleaned. Later the complete layout is marked on the ground with accurate dimension and orientation.
Fig 2: Marking of Layout
3. Excavation
Generally excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation should be carried out as per the drawings defined lengths & widths. Suitable machines are used to excavate the the earth for the making of foundation.
Fig 3: Excavation
4. Foundation Work
Foundation work consists of many sub works which are as follows,
1. Compacting the ground
The excavation pits are trimmed and dressed as per the requirement and the bottom is compacted using hand compactors.
2. PCC
To form a solid bases on which the reinforcement can be tied and footing can be placed. Plain cement concrete of the mix 1:4:8 or 1:3:6 is laid on the compacted soil in varying depth as required.
3. Footing Reinforcement
Reinforcement steel bars are tied together and placed on the PCC to form a skeleton in which the concrete is poured and the column rods are taken from them.
4. Shuttering
To achieve proper shaped concrete, shuttering is done as per the dimensions mentioned in the drawing. It is also done so that the concrete doesn’t come in contact with the soil .
5. Footing Concrete
It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are patches where excavated depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Concrete is poured as per drawing specs.
Fig 4: Footing Concrete
Depth of foundation varies from 9” to 18” and normally for most of the cases it is considered as 12’’ depth. The foundation width is kept equals to its depth.
5. Column Casting
Casting of columns is made by fixing the shuttering framework and concrete is poured in the formwork. The shuttering is usually removed after 24hr of casting and curing is done.
Fig 5: Column Casting
6. Construction of Walls
Walls are constructed using many materials such as brick, wooden, precast concrete and many other. Before starting the wall construction the base of wall is constructed first using concrete or size stone masonry. The height of the walls depends upon the floor height. Necessary opening are to given for doors, windows and ventilators.
Fig 6: Construction of Walls
7. Lintel
Masonry work of buildings is carried out in one go till roof. Openings for windows & doors are left during masonry works. Reinforced cement concrete beams are laid down on the top of openings. So, those loads of structure above openings not directly come on to the door frames.
8. Roofing
Roof slab of building is poured after completion of masonry works. Now a days, roofing is of reinforced cement concrete slab. Slab thickness & reinforcement details should be according to approved drawings.
Fig 7: Roofing Concrete
9. Plastering Work
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-28 | AC1990 | 58 | view |
| 2020-01-19 | lcosenza | 54 | view |
| 2019-12-29 | mrigimunjal | 50 | view |
| 2019-12-25 | likhithae | 50 | view |
| 2019-12-22 | yashincontrol | 50 | view |
- As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. 75
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- As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. 50
- The graphs above give information about computer ownership as a percentage of the population between 2002 and 2010, and by level of education for the years 2002 and 2010.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comp 56
- People who make decisions based on emotion and justify those decisions with logic afterwards are poor decision makers. 16
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...wings from City Development Authority. Fig 1: Making of drawings. 2. Marking o...
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Line 10, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...th accurate dimension and orientation. Fig 2: Marking of Layout 3. Excavation ...
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Line 13, column 197, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: the
... Suitable machines are used to excavate the the earth for the making of foundation. ...
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Line 13, column 197, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'the' is left.
Suggestion: the; the
... Suitable machines are used to excavate the the earth for the making of foundation. ...
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Line 14, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...he earth for the making of foundation. Fig 3: Excavation 4. Foundation Work ...
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Line 15, column 18, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ing of foundation. Fig 3: Excavation 4. Foundation Work Foundation work cons...
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Line 16, column 4, Rule ID: PHRASE_REPETITION[1]
Message: This phrase is duplicated. You should probably leave only 'Foundation Work'.
Suggestion: Foundation Work
... foundation. Fig 3: Excavation 4. Foundation Work Foundation work consists of many sub works which are as...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 19, column 83, Rule ID: THE_NN_AND_THE_NN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'are'?
Suggestion: are
...d as per the requirement and the bottom is compacted using hand compactors. 2. PC...
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Line 22, column 11, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: Reinforcement
... varying depth as required. 3. Footing Reinforcement Reinforcement steel bars are tied together and placed...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 25, column 182, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
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Suggestion: .
...esn't come in contact with the soil . 5. Footing Concrete It is very necess...
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Line 28, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ncrete is poured as per drawing specs. Fig 4: Footing Concrete Depth of founda...
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Line 31, column 10, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: Casting
...is kept equals to its depth. 5. Column Casting Casting of columns is made by fixing the shutte...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 33, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...er 24hr of casting and curing is done. Fig 5: Column Casting 6. Construction o...
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Line 35, column 20, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: Walls
...g 5: Column Casting 6. Construction of Walls Walls are constructed using many materials su...
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Line 36, column 88, Rule ID: MANY_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun other seems to be countable; consider using: 'many others'.
Suggestion: many others
... as brick, wooden, precast concrete and many other. Before starting the wall construction ...
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Line 36, column 254, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...The height of the walls depends upon the floor height. Necessary opening are to g...
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Line 37, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...en for doors, windows and ventilators. Fig 6: Construction of Walls 7. Lintel ...
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Line 42, column 68, Rule ID: NOW_A_DAYS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'nowadays'?
Suggestion: Nowadays
...ured after completion of masonry works. Now a days, roofing is of reinforced cement concre...
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Line 42, column 72, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a day' or simply 'days'?
Suggestion: a day; days
... after completion of masonry works. Now a days, roofing is of reinforced cement concre...
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Line 43, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...uld be according to approved drawings. Fig 7: Roofing Concrete 9. Plastering W...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, so, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 39.0 19.5258426966 200% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 12.4196629213 32% => OK
Conjunction : 17.0 14.8657303371 114% => OK
Relative clauses : 5.0 11.3162921348 44% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 9.0 33.0505617978 27% => OK
Preposition: 84.0 58.6224719101 143% => OK
Nominalization: 33.0 12.9106741573 256% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 3072.0 2235.4752809 137% => OK
No of words: 580.0 442.535393258 131% => OK
Chars per words: 5.29655172414 5.05705443957 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.90746259869 4.55969084622 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.93095654111 2.79657885939 105% => OK
Unique words: 276.0 215.323595506 128% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.475862068966 0.4932671777 96% => OK
syllable_count: 869.4 704.065955056 123% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59117977528 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 6.24550561798 48% => OK
Article: 8.0 4.99550561798 160% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 3.10617977528 32% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.77640449438 56% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.38483146067 114% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 42.0 20.2370786517 208% => Too many sentences.
Sentence length: 13.0 23.0359550562 56% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 39.0163948843 60.3974514979 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 73.1428571429 118.986275619 61% => OK
Words per sentence: 13.8095238095 23.4991977007 59% => More words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 0.571428571429 5.21951772744 11% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 27.0 4.97078651685 543% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 20.0 7.80617977528 256% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 10.2758426966 68% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 5.13820224719 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 36.0 4.83258426966 745% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0220097269189 0.243740707755 9% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.00644887755086 0.0831039109588 8% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0156088214152 0.0758088955206 21% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.00693656539272 0.150359130593 5% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.014932899225 0.0667264976115 22% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.4 14.1392134831 74% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 66.74 48.8420337079 137% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.92365168539 39% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.2 12.1743820225 59% => Flesch kincaid grade is low.
coleman_liau_index: 12.87 12.1639044944 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.28 8.38706741573 99% => OK
difficult_words: 147.0 100.480337079 146% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 11.8971910112 59% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 7.2 11.2143820225 64% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.7820224719 68% => The average readability is low. Need to imporve the language.
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum six paragraphs wanted.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 16.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.