Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods-relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived.
Free-Swimming Predators
First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on.
Seafloor Dwellers
Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria.
Parasites
Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods.
The reading claims that scientists have arrived to some important information about how agnostids that are a vanished group of marine animals lived and what eat about 450 million years ago.However, the lecturer finds all the ideas dubious and presents some evidences to refute them all.
The author argues that these species of insects could swim very well so it was possible for them to prey smaller animals in the water.Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that agnostids located in open oceans and animals that were able to hunt in this area had large eyes and powerful sensors in their body but agnostids had tiny poorly eyes and some of them were even blind so there are not any evidences to prove that they were predators swimming.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that these species habitat were seafloors and consequently they could fed on dead organisms or bacteria. Contrary, the professor underlines the fact that animals who are in seafloors can not move fast and far but these animals were able to travel to areas and go different geographical waters and were unusually large so living in seafloors attributed to the race of swimming.
Finally, the reading asserts that agnostids were parasites that this presume traced back to some of the modern agnostids are parasite they might be on primarily fish.In contrast, the speaker dismisses this issue due to the fact that parasites typically are not large population and limit in two or more one time.Indeed these animals were many large and vast and their size reject the hypothesis that they were parasites.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-04-09 | toefl 2019 | 73 | view |
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- Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods-relatives of modern- 81
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- A little over 2,200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a "burning mirror": a polished copper surface curved to focus the 71
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 190, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: However
...nd what eat about 450 million years ago.However, the lecturer finds all the ideas dubio...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 134, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Conversely
...em to prey smaller animals in the water.Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that a...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 119, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'feed'
Suggestion: feed
...e seafloors and consequently they could fed on dead organisms or bacteria. Contrary...
^^^
Line 4, column 93, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...asites that this presume traced back to some of the modern agnostids are parasite they migh...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 166, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...arasite they might be on primarily fish.In contrast, the speaker dismisses this is...
^^
Line 4, column 312, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Indeed
...ation and limit in two or more one time.Indeed these animals were many large and vast ...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 312, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Indeed,
...ation and limit in two or more one time.Indeed these animals were many large and vast ...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, however, if, so, well, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 16.0 7.30242825607 219% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1330.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 266.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.0 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03850299372 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.5707029711 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.56015037594 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 426.6 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 5.0 13.0662251656 38% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 53.0 21.2450331126 249% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 109.756093225 49.2860985944 223% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 266.0 110.228320801 241% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 53.2 21.698381199 245% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 17.4 7.06452816374 246% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.261511674134 0.272083759551 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.131925148332 0.0996497079465 132% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0513094230147 0.0662205650399 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.153283155667 0.162205337803 94% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.027351068917 0.0443174109184 62% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 28.7 13.3589403974 215% => Automated_readability_index is high.
flesch_reading_ease: 17.68 53.8541721854 33% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 13.0 5.55761589404 234% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 24.0 11.0289183223 218% => Flesch kincaid grade is high.
coleman_liau_index: 12.61 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.83 8.42419426049 117% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 27.5 10.7273730684 256% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 23.2 10.498013245 221% => Gunning_fog is high.
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.