Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading states that fossil of a dinosaur contains the actual tissues of the animal that are related to the blood vessels of the dinosaur and provides three reasons of support. However, the professor argues that the reasons that the author brings are not accurate and some of them are wrong and refutes each of the author's reasons.
First, the article claims that small branching channels inside the bone of the animal related to the pathway of the blood vessels. The professor refutes this point by saying that it is not neccessary related to the blood vessels. He states that long after a living dies, some bacterias work in its tissues and they make hollows in its body remains and these reddish remains are left by these bacterias.
Second, the reading avers that there exist some spheres in the inner bones of the dinosaur which had dark red centers and they contained iron. However, the professor says that the researchers found other animals in that place that do not have red blood. According to professor this reddish substance probably are related to just some reddish mineral other than iron.
Third, the article posits that scienticts performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed it contained collagen. The professor opposes this point by explaining that cllagen is a mineral substance that cannot remain more that hundred years. Based on the lecture the fossil of a dinosaur which is dead over seventy years ago cannot contain collagen and the collagen that are found in their research are probably related to much more recent livings such as human skin that contains collagen.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-10-19 | prem123 | 76 | view |
| 2018-10-18 | Munaim Hossain | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 336, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ch is dead over seventy years ago cannot contain collagen and the collagen that a...
^^
Line 7, column 426, Rule ID: TO_TOO[2]
Message: Did you mean 'too'?
Suggestion: too
... in their research are probably related to much more recent livings such as human ...
^^
Discourse Markers used:
['first', 'however', 'second', 'so', 'third', 'such as']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.265517241379 0.261695866417 101% => OK
Verbs: 0.165517241379 0.158904122519 104% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0689655172414 0.0723426182421 95% => OK
Adverbs: 0.048275862069 0.0435111971325 111% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0310344827586 0.0277247811725 112% => OK
Prepositions: 0.124137931034 0.128828473217 96% => OK
Participles: 0.0413793103448 0.0370669169778 112% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.25128543442 2.5805825403 87% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0206896551724 0.0208969081088 99% => OK
Particles: 0.0 0.00154638098197 0% => OK
Determiners: 0.148275862069 0.128158765124 116% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.00689655172414 0.0158828679856 43% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0275862068966 0.0114777025283 240% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1609.0 1645.83664459 98% => OK
No of words: 271.0 271.125827815 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.93726937269 6.08160592843 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04852973271 100% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.376383763838 0.374372842146 101% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.287822878229 0.287516216867 100% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.151291512915 0.187439937562 81% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.0738007380074 0.113142543107 65% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.25128543442 2.5805825403 87% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.49815498155 0.539623497131 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
Word variations: 47.7832963488 53.8517498576 89% => OK
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0529801325 84% => OK
Sentence length: 24.6363636364 21.7502111507 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.1501985776 49.3711431718 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 146.272727273 132.220823453 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.6363636364 21.7502111507 113% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.545454545455 0.878197800319 62% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 3.39072847682 59% => OK
Readability: 53.4186514592 50.5018328374 106% => OK
Elegance: 1.76056338028 1.90840788429 92% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.241912884549 0.549887131256 44% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.172230516899 0.142949733639 120% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.12651998634 0.0787303798458 161% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.652731998736 0.631733273073 103% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.145326657122 0.139662658121 104% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.128165532852 0.266732575781 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0472696315053 0.103435571967 46% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.459793064898 0.414875509568 111% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0599268426372 0.0530846634433 113% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.182177125356 0.40443939384 45% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0284140497939 0.0528353158467 54% => The ideas may be duplicated in paragraphs.
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.26048565121 188% => Less neutral sentences wanted.
Positive topic words: 1.0 3.49668874172 29% => More positive topic words wanted.
Negative topic words: 2.0 3.62251655629 55% => OK
Neutral topic words: 8.0 3.1766004415 252% => OK
Total topic words: 11.0 10.2958057395 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.