The cave paintings of Lascaux (in southwestern France) date to around 15,000 B.C.E. and are among the finest examples of prehistoric art known. Ever since the paintings were discovered, scholars have puzzled over their purpose. According to one widely discussed interpretation, the paintings were made to ensure a successful hunt. Several considerations support this view.
In the first place, there is the animal subject matter of the paintings. The cave images are almost exclusively of large mammals. These animals include bison, wild horses, and now-extinct aurochs (wild cattle), which are known to have been hunted by the Paleolithic people who created the paintings. A number of the animals are shown wounded by arrows and spears. There are also depictions of what appears to be the seasonal migrations of these animals that would have been very important to prehistoric hunters.
Second, the depictions of humans in the cave paintings include human figures that appear to have animal heads. These could be hunters: hunters in some traditional cultures are known to disguise themselves with animal heads so that they are not recognized by the animals they are hunting.
Third, many cultures hold the belief that by depicting an event one can bring about its reality. Throughout history – prehistoric, ancient, and modern – images have been regarded as more than mere decorative representations; they are seen as having magical power to affect reality. Thus, it is reasonable to suppose that the hunters who created the Lascaux cave paintings believed that by painting successful hunts, they were ensuring that real hunts would be successful.
Both the reading passage and the listening discuss whether the painting was made to ensure a successful hunt. The former argues that there are three supporting reasons, but the latter contradicts each of these points.
First of all, the reading passage claims that there is the animal subject matter of the paintings which are known to have been hunted by the Paleolithic people who created painting. However, the lecturer contends that of course some of the animals were hunted by cave painters but many of the animals like Rhino and cats were not hunted. Moreovere, the large percentage of the animals in the pictures shown were not wounded. Which significantly weakens the claim.
Second, the reading passage asserts that the portrays of humans in the cave drawing include human figures that appear to have animal heads and in some conventional cultures are known to disguise themselves with animals heads so that they are not recognized by the animals they are hunting. Notwithstanding, the audio claims that in fact the painting is not even standing up and showing they are sleeping. So it can't be interpreted that they were in fact hunters.
Third, the reading passage underlines that since many cultures hold the belief that by depicting an event one can bring about its reality, it is reasonable to assume that the hunters who created Lascaux cave painting believed that painting successful hunts, they were ensuring that real hunts would be successful. Nonetheless, the audio argues that the purpose of painting doesn't ensure the paintings were made to ensure a successful hunt because people used to believe that they can communicate with their ancestors through the animals.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 229, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...r, the lecturer contends that of course some of the animals were hunted by cave painters bu...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 426, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Which” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...in the pictures shown were not wounded. Which significantly weakens the claim. Se...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 412, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...up and showing they are sleeping. So it cant be interpreted that they were in fact h...
^^^^
Line 5, column 412, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'cants'?
Suggestion: cants
...up and showing they are sleeping. So it cant be interpreted that they were in fact h...
^^^^
Line 7, column 374, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...dio argues that the purpose of painting doesnt ensure the paintings were made to ensur...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, moreover, nonetheless, second, so, third, in fact, of course, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1419.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 276.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.14130434783 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07593519647 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55685969619 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 144.0 145.348785872 99% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.521739130435 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 431.1 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 86.4848909558 49.2860985944 175% => OK
Chars per sentence: 129.0 110.228320801 117% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.0909090909 21.698381199 116% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.0 7.06452816374 127% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.169618477154 0.272083759551 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0618345856835 0.0996497079465 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0455281663787 0.0662205650399 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0995622830816 0.162205337803 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0456141704578 0.0443174109184 103% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.3 13.3589403974 115% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.1 53.8541721854 86% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.0 11.0289183223 118% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.83 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.71 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.