Based on the given materials, the article as well as the lecture discusses pterosaurs, which were winged reptiles with size approximately as giraffe. Although paleontologists believe that these animals were able to fly by flapping their wings, known as powered flight, the author states several viable theories in order to reject this ability. That being said, the lecturer provides several ideas to concur with the fact that pterosaurs could have had skills of powered flight.
Initially, the writer says that ancient reptiles should have been cold-blooded as well as the modern reptiles, which leads to have slow metabolism. So, pterosaurs should not have had enough energy to participate in powered flights. However, the speaker explains that based on recent investigated fossils of these animals, they had got dense hair-like covering, which counts as a typical of warm-blooded animals. It provides materials for pterosaurs to maintain their body temperature even in cold weathers. Thus, as the fossils approve that these reptiles would have been warm-blooded, they should have had enough energy to take part in powered flights.
Second, the author proclaims that pterosaurs were so heavy to have ability of flipping their wings fast enough in order to stay aloft. Yet again, as the lecturer underscores, it is now discovered that these reptiles had anatomical features, which made them strangely light for their size. She exemplifies the animals' bones which were hallow, but not solid. This characteristic decreases their weights in proportion of their size. As a result, their weights were low enough to do powered flights.
The final point of contention between the reading and the listening passage is ability to taking off from the ground. As the writer thinks, since it has been discovered from these reptiles' fossils that they had got weak and small leg muscles, never did large pterosaurs have strong muscles in order to gain speed and jump as much as powered flights require, like birds. On the other hand, the speaker explains that there are some essential differences between birds and pterosaurs. These reptiles had got four legs in opposite to birds, which had two hind limbs for walking. Since modern flying animals are able to fly with four legs, pterosaurs also could have been able to fly. In addition, recent research shows that these reptiles could both run fast enough and jump high enough in order to participate in powered flights.
- TPO-45 Integrated Writing Task 3
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- declining of yellow cedars 83
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- TOEFL T P O 46 - Integrated Writing Task 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 335, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'hallowed'.
Suggestion: hallowed
...xemplifies the animals bones which were hallow, but not solid. This characteristic dec...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, second, so, thus, well, as to, in addition, as a result, as well as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 50.0 30.3222958057 165% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2072.0 1373.03311258 151% => OK
No of words: 397.0 270.72406181 147% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.21914357683 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.46372701284 4.04702891845 110% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.57950497379 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 204.0 145.348785872 140% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513853904282 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 618.3 419.366225166 147% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 7.0 1.25165562914 559% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.1000958412 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.052631579 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8947368421 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.78947368421 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.226698146658 0.272083759551 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0754509647698 0.0996497079465 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0938856214551 0.0662205650399 142% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.155297495771 0.162205337803 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0686963730053 0.0443174109184 155% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.6 13.3589403974 102% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.01 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 85.0 63.6247240618 134% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.