The reading and the lecture are both about the causes of the Little Ice Age which is a period of unusually cold temperature. The author of the reading define three causes and he believes that those are the real ones. However, the lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. He says that these causes are a little out date.
First of all, the author points out that disruption of ocean currents may be the cause. It is mentioned that the warm weather before the Little Ice Age caused the glaciers to melt. This in consequences caused a large cold ocean current which affected the Earth's climate causing the Little Ice Age. This point has challenged by the professor. He says that should not be true. Further, he argues that if the reason mentioned in the article is true, the Ice Age or the cool weather would affect only Europe and South America. This gives no explanation for the cooling and icing happened in New Zealand and South Africa.
Second, the author contended that volcanic eruption may be the reason. The article notes that the eruption caused dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas. This prevents the sun rays to reach the earth, which caused a decrease in the temperature and the Little Ice Age as a result. The lecturer rebutes this argument. He suggests that visual effects would be noticed if a huge volcanic eruption had happened. He elaborates on that by mentioning that if it is really true that volcanic eruption is the reason, it should be a huge one to cause that. This would leave some visual effects like gray icing or change in the sunset coloration. But nothing of that had been noticed.
Finally, the author states that the decrease in human population may be considered as another reason. The article establishs that as a result of human population decrease, forest trees started to grow. This caused the greenhouse gases to be absorbed. This led to Earth cooling. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that there was not enough time for this effect to take place. He puts forth the idea that it is true that the population decreased before the Little Ice Age, but this was for a short period, the population starts to increase again. This increase caused an increase in the agriculture activities and a decrease in the tree's population.
- TPO-28 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents today are more involved in their children’s education than were parents in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 70
- TPO-24 - Integrated Writing Task Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently 66
- TOEFL T P O 4 - Integrated Writing Task 3
- TPO 41- task 1 60
- TPO-32 - Integrated Writing Task Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews 71
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 4, column 636, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'trees'' or 'tree's'?
Suggestion: trees'; tree's
...ulture activities and a decrease in the trees population.
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, may, really, second, so, as for, as a result, first of all, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 22.0 12.0772626932 182% => OK
Pronoun: 43.0 22.412803532 192% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 5.01324503311 259% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1880.0 1373.03311258 137% => OK
No of words: 400.0 270.72406181 148% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.7 5.08290768461 92% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.472135955 4.04702891845 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.39181416502 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 192.0 145.348785872 132% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.48 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 592.2 419.366225166 141% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 16.0 3.25607064018 491% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 26.0 13.0662251656 199% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 36.7310712835 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 72.3076923077 110.228320801 66% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.3846153846 21.698381199 71% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.73076923077 7.06452816374 67% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.418972015949 0.272083759551 154% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.117280534694 0.0996497079465 118% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.102339771343 0.0662205650399 155% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.265004291528 0.162205337803 163% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0443005397437 0.0443174109184 100% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 8.4 13.3589403974 63% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 64.71 53.8541721854 120% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.0 11.0289183223 73% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 9.39 12.2367328918 77% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.66 8.42419426049 91% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 68.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.