The reading article talks about three arguments to dismiss that Pterosaurs were capable of powered flight, which flying by flapping wings. The lecture refutes the claims presented in the reading article using supporting evidence.
First, the reading argues that, ancient reptiles were cold blooded like modern reptiles and had slow metabolism. Due to this, they were unlikely to produce enough energy required for powered flight. The lecture counters this claim and points out that, the fossils discovered show the presence of dense hair covering like fur on Pterosaurs. Warm blooded animals usually have fur to maintain body temperature, which indicates Pterosaurs were warm blooded and increases the chances of capabilities of powered flight.
Next, the reading presents an argument that, there is a weight limit to take powered flight and to stay airborne. Pterosaurs were large animals like Giraffe and were too heavy to fly and to flap wings fast to stay afloat.
However, the lecture dismisses the argument and states that, it is now known that modifications in anatomical features made Pterosaurs light. It had hollow bones that reduced the body weight and made flapping and staying afloat easier.
Lastly, the reading passage states that, for Ptersaurs lack large powerful leg muscles to take off from the ground for powered flight. The lecture refuses the claim and states that, birds use hind limbs to walk on the ground and for take-off. However, Pterosaurs used four limbs to push off from the ground. Moreover, the professor adds that, a study revealed that Pterosaurs used all four limbs to walk and for take-off to fly in the air.
In conclusion, the lecture counters the all three claims presented in the reading and states that research showed that Pterosaurs were capable to fly.
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, lastly, moreover, so, in conclusion
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1522.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 291.0 270.72406181 107% => OK
Chars per words: 5.23024054983 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13022058845 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41800870525 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.515463917526 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 447.3 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 27.8085518421 49.2860985944 56% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 101.466666667 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.4 21.698381199 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.66666666667 7.06452816374 52% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 6.0 4.09492273731 147% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.388318487527 0.272083759551 143% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.142368957308 0.0996497079465 143% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0964709270491 0.0662205650399 146% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.201211845062 0.162205337803 124% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0972552623782 0.0443174109184 219% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.05 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.11 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.