Pterosaurs were a group of ancient animals which were winged reptiles. Whether they were capable of powered flight or not has been a topic of controversy among different scientists. The reading passage indicates some reasons that pterosaurs were able only to glide. The lecturer, nonetheless, throws doubts on all reasons presented in the reading passage and refute them all.
First, the author argues that pterosaurs were cold-blooded. Because, they belonged to reptile family and all reptiles are cold-blooded. Cold-blooded animals have slow metabolism and they don't have enough energy for powered flight. Conversely, the lecturer thinks that according to some fossils, pterosaurs had a dense hair like fur which could help them in powered flight. Pterosaurs used dense hairs in cold weather.
Furthermore, the reading passage highlights that pterosaurs were large animals and they couldn't flap their wings fast enough for powered flight. The speaker, on the contary, claims that there are some anatomical reasons that their body were light enough for flying. Because they had hallow in their bones which reduced their weight.
Finally, the author brings up the idea that large pterosaurs couldn't take off from ground. Because they were too heavy and their muscles were small and weak. In contrast, the professor thinks that they used four limes for take off and they didn't have any problem with their weight during take off by using this method. Some birds use their four limes for take off now.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e reading passage and refute them all. First, the author argues that pterosaurs...
^^
Line 2, column 189, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...d animals have slow metabolism and they dont have enough energy for powered flight. ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...aurs used dense hairs in cold weather. Furthermore, the reading passage highlig...
^^
Line 3, column 91, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
... pterosaurs were large animals and they couldnt flap their wings fast enough for powere...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 268, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Because” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...heir body were light enough for flying. Because they had hallow in their bones which re...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...heir bones which reduced their weight. Finally, the author brings up the idea t...
^^
Line 4, column 64, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...rings up the idea that large pterosaurs couldnt take off from ground. Because they were...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 242, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...y used four limes for take off and they didnt have any problem with their weight duri...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, finally, first, furthermore, if, nonetheless, so, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1262.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 240.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.25833333333 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.93597934253 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41085508113 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 133.0 145.348785872 92% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.554166666667 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 370.8 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.0752842982 49.2860985944 69% => OK
Chars per sentence: 78.875 110.228320801 72% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.0 21.698381199 69% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.5625 7.06452816374 65% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.536658425316 0.272083759551 197% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.183269175084 0.0996497079465 184% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0926980732401 0.0662205650399 140% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.320751842969 0.162205337803 198% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0379120032645 0.0443174109184 86% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.8 13.3589403974 81% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 64.71 53.8541721854 120% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.0 11.0289183223 73% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.64 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.67 8.42419426049 91% => OK
difficult_words: 50.0 63.6247240618 79% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.