The reading and the lecture discuss the Pterosaurus –an ancient group of winged reptiles- and its capabities to flight or just to glide. The author believes that according to several arguments this animal was not able to fly. The professor brings into question the claims made in the article, he considers that this animal was actually capable to fly and he highlights some factors.
First, the author comes up with the idea that Pterosaurs –ancient reptiles- may have been cold-blooded as modern reptiles, for this reason, they may have a slow metabolism which may not allow them to produce the necessary energy to powered flight. However, the professor argues that recent dicoveries have said that pterosaurs had a dense hair-fur covering which may enable them to be warm-blooded animals and get the needed energy supplies to fly.
Second, the author states that as pterosaur species were too large and heavy, they could not flap their wings fast to elevate themselves. The professor rebuts this argument by pointing out that these species had hollow light-wind bones, which may probably give them the facility to have low weight, and to flap their wings in order to go up.
Third, the author contends that the pterosaurs’ muscles in back legs were too small and weak to allow them to take off, these kind of muscles may help them just for running fast or jumping high. The professor, on the other hand, posits that pterosaurs were different from normal birds which need just two hind limbs to push off, in fact, pterosaurs had 4 hind limbs which may allow them to push off the ground and to then take off. It is true that these kind of muscles permited them to run fast and jump high, but also they may permit them to fly.
- TPO-27 - Integrated Writing Task The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scient 83
- TPO-18 - Integrated Writing Task In the 1950s Torreya taxifoha, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida, started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya 80
- TPO-08 - Integrated Writing Task Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including ki 83
- TPO-23 - Integrated Writing Task Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses expla 83
- A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 227, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...uments this animal was not able to fly. The professor brings into question the clai...
^^^
Line 7, column 126, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this kind' or 'these kinds'?
Suggestion: this kind; these kinds
...all and weak to allow them to take off, these kind of muscles may help them just for runni...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 454, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this kind' or 'these kinds'?
Suggestion: this kind; these kinds
...d and to then take off. It is true that these kind of muscles permited them to run fast an...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, first, however, if, may, second, so, then, third, in fact, kind of, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1446.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 300.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 4.82 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16179145029 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.38648043966 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 168.0 145.348785872 116% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.56 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 419.4 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 50.3265337571 49.2860985944 102% => OK
Chars per sentence: 144.6 110.228320801 131% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.0 21.698381199 138% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.8 7.06452816374 167% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.372035950828 0.272083759551 137% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.142039784011 0.0996497079465 143% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0707956340079 0.0662205650399 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.205528903877 0.162205337803 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0496437087803 0.0443174109184 112% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.3 13.3589403974 122% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.95 53.8541721854 108% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.27 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.49 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.