The main idea of both the reading and the lecture is about whether pterosaurs, ancient group of winged reptiles, were able to fly or not. Although the reading mentions three reasons to refute pterosaurs were not capable of flying their wings, the lecturer finds them unconvincing and provides three counter evidences to reject them all.
Firstly, the author mentions the fact that since the pterosaurs are cold-blooded animals, they were unable to provide energy for flying due to their low metabolism. On the other hand, the lecturer explains that according to the fossils, pterosaurs were covered by a layer of fur, a dense hairy layer which protected them from cold temperature. Having this layer is usual in warm-blooded animals which leads them maintain their body temperature high in cold climate. Thus, they could have used their internal energy for flying.
Furthermore, the reading argues that pterosaurs were heavy that their weights could not make them possible to fly and stay on air. However, the lecturer talks about the new findings about these animals. She adds that even though their anatomical structure is enormous, their bones are hollow instead of solid bones which made them possible to fly and stay on air for long time.
Eventually, the reading shows that the small tiny back legs of pterosaurs did not provide them to run or jump before launch. In contrast, the lecturer asserts that comparing to birds, pterosaurs have some features different from birds. According to the fossils, instead of having two limbs, pterosaurs had four limbs which allowed them to push the ground to run and jump before take off.
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- TPO-45 - Integrated Writing Task Any student of paleontology will be struck by the fact that a great many animals of the past were considerably larger than they are today. This holds true for species ranging from dinosaurs to most mammals. Just why they w 76
- TPO-49 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many new friends 77
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- tpo32 90
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, firstly, furthermore, however, if, so, thus, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1369.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 269.0 270.72406181 99% => OK
Chars per words: 5.08921933086 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0498419064 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.44572939922 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 152.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.565055762082 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 400.5 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 39.9245816787 49.2860985944 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 114.083333333 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.4166666667 21.698381199 103% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.83333333333 7.06452816374 97% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.340308217204 0.272083759551 125% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.131585305771 0.0996497079465 132% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0479839658704 0.0662205650399 72% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.204926047713 0.162205337803 126% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0446431439871 0.0443174109184 101% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.54 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.01 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.