22 July, 2018
A debate over identity is playing out over a people most Americans have never even heard about.
The group are called Métis, a French word for "mixed." They are the descendants of French animal trappers and native women during the 1600s in today's Western Canada.
In time, the children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren of these couples married each other. Métis developed their own language, their own music, their own style of clothes, and their own kind of food. In other words, they developed their own culture.
By the early 1800s, the Métis had created a new political identity, too. It was centered in a colony in the present-day Canadian province of Manitoba. But some established settlements in the United States, too.
After the U.S. and Canada settled their borders, many American Métis were grouped with other native people and ended up on Indian reservations. Over time, some families have kept their Métis identity and culture. Others have lost it completely.
In Canada, the government officially recognized Métis in 1982 as one of three aboriginal groups. They received the same hunting, fishing and land use rights as the First Nation and the Inuit.
But these days, a record number of people are claiming Métis identity, both in Canada and the U.S. Many of these claims, said anthropologist Kade Ferris, are not true. He said some use the word "Métis" to mean they are mixed race Native and non-Native. But, he said, the term really describes being part of a particular culture or nation.
Others are only looking to use the tax breaks and land use rights given to the "real" Métis, say members of the Métis National Council.
In 2017, the Canadian government signed a nation-to-nation agreement with the Métis Nation and has promised $516 million over 10 years to support housing, health and educational needs.
In the U.S., Métis are working to relearn their language, Michif, and continue to celebrate their history and culture in festivals and other events. But they are not trying to gain independent recognition.
Rosalyn LaPier is a Métis writer and member of the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. She said separating Métis from Chippewa or Cree would be impossible because their cultures are so combined.
"But we know who we are," she added.
I'm Susan Shand.
Cecily Hilleary reported this story for VOA. Susan Shand adapted for Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor.
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Words in This Story
descendant – n. someone who is related to a person or group of people who lived in the past
jig – v. a dance, hopping to music
aboriginal – adj. of or relating to the people and things that have been in a region from the earliest time