Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The authors reading and the professor both talking about the possibility of traveling to Mars and their associated problems with this mission. The author raises three viewpoints to mention that this mission is impossible. However, the professor indicates that the author's theory contains some defects and proposed some solution in this way.
First of all, the author states that a long mission to Mars that is likely to take two years needs enough facilities to contain water, oxygen, and food and it is impossible to prepare these items for the long trip. In contrary, the professor disagrees and reveals a solution. She said that we could use the hydroponic process, which grows some plant without any soil, just in water. In this process, all water is recycled and plant absorbs CO2 and changes it to O2. This process can prepare all needs of astronauts during the mission.
In addition, the author raises the problems of low gravity in Mars and mentions the negative effects on human's body like decreased mass and lower bone density. The professor indicates some method to eliminate the effect of zero gravity in Mars. She proposed some exercise that astronaut can use them to maintain the healthy condition. This solution comes from past experience.
Finally, the author indicates the point that the astronaut on the mission to Mars would be exposed to the dangerous level of space radiation that comes from the Sun. because the Mars do not have the magnetic field and atmosphere like earth. The author mentions that using the shield is not applicable, because the weight of the ship dramatically increases. The professor mentions this radiation maybe not dangerous and the astronauts. They should use the specific shield in danger condition which contains alarm for radiation detection
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-04-11 | toefl 2019 | 3 | view |
| 2021-12-16 | Pooja dave | 3 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 265, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...wever, the professor indicates that the authors theory contains some defects and propos...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 360, Rule ID: PAST_EXPERIENCE_MEMORY[1]
Message: Use simply 'experience'.
Suggestion: experience
...thy condition. This solution comes from past experience. Finally, the author indicates the poi...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 166, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Because
...pace radiation that comes from the Sun. because the Mars do not have the magnetic field...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, may, so, in addition, talking about, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1501.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.10544217687 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50908156602 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.527210884354 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 455.4 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.8685122504 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 88.2941176471 110.228320801 80% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.2941176471 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.58823529412 7.06452816374 65% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.104725662592 0.272083759551 38% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0363934188968 0.0996497079465 37% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0459430684285 0.0662205650399 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0670083398566 0.162205337803 41% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0212565999538 0.0443174109184 48% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.06 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.