Both the passage and lecture discusses about carved stone balls, an artifact found in Scotland. Several Archaeological hypotheses are presented in the reading passage regarding usage and value of carved balls. However, the professor in the lecture ithinks that those theories are unconvincing and she challenged those theories with counter reasons.
First, the reading claims that carved stone balls were used as weapon in hunting or fighting. The professor refutes this theory mentioning that, if those balls were used for this purpose, then it is expected to find some cracked and broken pieces of those objects. To support her point, she also mentions that stone balls those have been discovered, are very well preserved without any damage.
Second, the author presents another theory which suggests that stone balls might be used as standard unit of measurement. Uniformity in size is mentioned to support this theory. But the professor points out that, thought the balls are of same size, weight of those balls are not uniform, as those balls are made of different kind of stones which are not of same density. Therefore, it is unlikely to use those stones as a standard unit of weighing system.
Third, considering elaborate designs of stone balls, the author says that those balls might represent social status of owner. The professor find this theory dubious and she points out that, though some balls have complex pattern, most of the balls are too simple to be considered having any artistic value. She also says that, in those days, valued personal belongings are stored in tombs or graves with dead body of owner. But as there is no sign of keeping these kind of balls in graves, it is unlikely to believe that those balls have any social marker in the community.
- A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became ex 76
- TOEFL T P O 31 - Integrated Writing Task 3
- TPO 33: CARVED STONE BALLSReading:Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types 80
- TPO35 In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it becam 80
- TOEFL T P O 31 - Integrated Writing Task 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 141, Rule ID: MASS_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error - use third-person verb forms for singular and mass nouns: 'finds'.
Suggestion: finds
...t social status of owner. The professor find this theory dubious and she points out ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 350, Rule ID: PERSONAL_OPINION_FRIENDSHIP[1]
Message: Use simply 'belongings'.
Suggestion: belongings
...e also says that, in those days, valued personal belongings are stored in tombs or graves with dead...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 460, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this kind' or 'these kinds'?
Suggestion: this kind; these kinds
...ner. But as there is no sign of keeping these kind of balls in graves, it is unlikely to b...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, regarding, second, so, then, therefore, third, well, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 22.412803532 152% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1489.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.03040540541 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.39295813386 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 154.0 145.348785872 106% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.52027027027 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 459.9 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.8716056895 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.357142857 110.228320801 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.1428571429 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.5 7.06452816374 92% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.37467266079 0.272083759551 138% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.148983252087 0.0996497079465 150% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0834047142032 0.0662205650399 126% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.244461885816 0.162205337803 151% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0670348968056 0.0443174109184 151% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.8 13.3589403974 96% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.89 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.47 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 71.0 63.6247240618 112% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.