Summarise the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they case doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Recently, there has been some arguments about dinosaurs were endotherms. More specifically, in regards to the passage, the writer puts forth the idea that endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperature constant. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. According to the listening passage, the lecturer said that scientists have lots of problems with this argument. The lecturer believes these don't prove that dinosaurs were endotherms, and addresses, in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that one reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim. In the listening, for instance, the lecturer states when the polar dinosaurs existed it was warmer than today, So they could live in such a climate. She goes on to say that during the cold month when the polar region was cold they may immigrate or hibernate.
Other beliefs which represented by the writer is that there is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained [physical activity, such as running. Of course, though, not all experts in this field believe this is correct. Again, according to the listening lecture, she said having legs under the body supports more weight. It helps to grow to a larger size, and they didn't need to run.
Finally, the author wraps his argument by talking about the bones structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals. Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes issue with these claims by contending that growth rings thickening the bones weren't rapidly growing, stop growing during the collar period. they grew rapidly even when the environment became cold. Rapid growth doesn't prove the endothermy.
To sum up, both the writer and the lecturer hold conflicting views about dinosaurs were endotherm. They will have trouble finding common ground on this issue.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 93, Rule ID: IN_REGARD_TO[1]
Message: Use simply 'regarding' or 'with regard to'.
Suggestion: regarding; with regard to
...urs were endotherms. More specifically, in regards to the passage, the writer puts forth the ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 667, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...s argument. The lecturer believes these dont prove that dinosaurs were endotherms, a...
^^^^
Line 3, column 185, Rule ID: EN_UNPAIRED_BRACKETS
Message: Unpaired symbol: ']' seems to be missing
...ysiology of endothermy allows sustained [physical activity, such as running. Of c...
^
Line 3, column 441, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...elps to grow to a larger size, and they didnt need to run. Finally, the author wraps...
^^^^^
Line 4, column 438, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
... that growth rings thickening the bones werent rapidly growing, stop growing during th...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 501, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: They
... stop growing during the collar period. they grew rapidly even when the environment ...
^^^^
Line 4, column 571, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...e environment became cold. Rapid growth doesnt prove the endothermy. To sum up, bot...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, may, so, well, for instance, in fact, of course, such as, talking about, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 23.0 10.4613686534 220% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 22.412803532 152% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 50.0 30.3222958057 165% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2247.0 1373.03311258 164% => OK
No of words: 424.0 270.72406181 157% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.29952830189 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.53775939005 4.04702891845 112% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66206519288 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 230.0 145.348785872 158% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.542452830189 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 682.2 419.366225166 163% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 8.0 2.5761589404 311% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 24.0 13.0662251656 184% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 41.9248459548 49.2860985944 85% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.625 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6666666667 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.625 7.06452816374 65% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.173585577449 0.272083759551 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0433994893675 0.0996497079465 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0594630496628 0.0662205650399 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0821643218881 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0476887176755 0.0443174109184 108% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.4 13.3589403974 93% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.16 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 108.0 63.6247240618 170% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.