Airline industry representatives have recently argued that flying is safer than driving, citing two separate studies. First, US statistics show that each year there are approximately 40,000 deaths in automobile accidents versus only approximately 200 in flight accidents. Second, studies indicate that pilots are four times less likely than average to have accidents on the road.
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to determine whether the argument is reasonable. Be sure to explain what effects the answers to these questions would have on the validity of the argument.
In the argument, the author concludes that the airline industries have argued that flying is safer than driving. The author concludes this on the basis of the statistics related to a study where the number of road accident is relatively higher as compared to that of airline. However, there are many questions that need to be answered to maintain the persuasiveness of the argument and to elicit an apt decision.
Firstly, is there any statistical information mentioned about the total number of driver and pilots? The author states that approximately 40,000 deaths reported in automobile versus 200 in airline. It might be the case that there are less aeroplanes flying as compared to that of vehicles. If the number of aeroplane is less then, the rate of accident will obviously be lesser than that of automobiles. So, considering the total number of vehicles helps to proves the validity of the argument. Furthermore, is there any mention the condition of the aeroplane or vehicles? Perhaps, the aeroplanes are treated meticulously before any flight because aeroplanes are complex and as a result it should be treated with care. If either of the cases is true then the argument does not hold water.
Secondly, the author mentioned that on average pilots are four times less likely to have accident than that of vehicle drivers. If there any mentioned about health condition of pilots or of drivers? It might be the case that before the flight, pilots are undergoing the health analysis because they have to fly an aeroplane which required proper fitness. The vehicles driver may not be maintaining the health checkups routine as they have to drive daily their vehicles. So, since the pilots are healthy as compared to that of vehicles driver, as a result the accidents reports of the aeroplane are fewer as compared to that of automobiles. Moreover, the argument states that airline representatives argued that flying is safer. Is there any mention of who the representatives are and what factors they have taken to conclude the report? Maybe, they are relying on very few amounts of data and not considering the factors mentions above. If this case is true then the arguments validity weakens apart.
In conclusion, after the above questions will be answered effectively and by taking all the factors into the consideration, proper decision can be taken. Thus the author needs to give accurate number of aeroplanes and vehicles in the study, health condition of the pilots and drivers and condition of the aeroplane and vehicles in the survey.
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 4.0 out of 6
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 7 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 2 2
No. of Sentences: 22 15
No. of Words: 423 350
No. of Characters: 2084 1500
No. of Different Words: 170 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.535 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.927 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.673 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 162 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 111 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 80 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 44 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 19.227 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 6.037 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.682 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.306 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.446 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.052 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 4 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 245, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[3]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
...r of road accident is relatively higher as compared to that of airline. However, t...
^^
Line 3, column 235, Rule ID: FEWER_LESS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'fewer'? The noun aeroplanes is countable.
Suggestion: fewer
...ne. It might be the case that there are less aeroplanes flying as compared to that o...
^^^^
Line 3, column 326, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[2]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
...les. If the number of aeroplane is less then, the rate of accident will obviously be...
^^^^
Line 3, column 458, Rule ID: TO_NON_BASE[1]
Message: The verb after "to" should be in the base form: 'prove'.
Suggestion: prove
...g the total number of vehicles helps to proves the validity of the argument. Furthermo...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 719, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... result it should be treated with care. If either of the cases is true then the ar...
^^
Line 5, column 360, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'vehicles'' or 'vehicle's'?
Suggestion: vehicles'; vehicle's
...lane which required proper fitness. The vehicles driver may not be maintaining the healt...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 605, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[3]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
...ents reports of the aeroplane are fewer as compared to that of automobiles. Moreov...
^^
Line 5, column 938, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...considering the factors mentions above. If this case is true then the arguments va...
^^
Line 5, column 968, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'arguments'' or 'argument's'?
Suggestion: arguments'; argument's
...ns above. If this case is true then the arguments validity weakens apart. ...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1002, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...n the arguments validity weakens apart. In conclusion, after the above questions...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 155, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...deration, proper decision can be taken. Thus the author needs to give accurate numbe...
^^^^
Line 7, column 344, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e aeroplane and vehicles in the survey.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, firstly, furthermore, however, if, may, moreover, second, secondly, so, then, thus, in conclusion, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 27.0 19.6327345309 138% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 12.9520958084 62% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 11.1786427146 107% => OK
Relative clauses : 18.0 13.6137724551 132% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 28.8173652695 87% => OK
Preposition: 60.0 55.5748502994 108% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 16.3942115768 79% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2136.0 2260.96107784 94% => OK
No of words: 423.0 441.139720559 96% => OK
Chars per words: 5.04964539007 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.53508145475 4.56307096286 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.75169587114 2.78398813304 99% => OK
Unique words: 182.0 204.123752495 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.430260047281 0.468620217663 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 690.3 705.55239521 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 4.96107784431 60% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.76447105788 91% => OK
Subordination: 7.0 2.70958083832 258% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.22255489022 118% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 22.0 19.7664670659 111% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 22.8473053892 83% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.486342967 57.8364921388 60% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 97.0909090909 119.503703932 81% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.2272727273 23.324526521 82% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.31818181818 5.70786347227 93% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 12.0 5.25449101796 228% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 8.20758483034 97% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 6.88822355289 102% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.67664670659 150% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.144924018467 0.218282227539 66% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.051892775082 0.0743258471296 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0785717681798 0.0701772020484 112% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0897109723871 0.128457276422 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0545116130488 0.0628817314937 87% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 14.3799401198 83% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 48.3550499002 108% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 12.197005988 88% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.01 12.5979740519 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.13 8.32208582834 98% => OK
difficult_words: 95.0 98.500998004 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 12.3882235529 89% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 11.1389221557 86% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.9071856287 92% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 50.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.