According to statistics from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the birth of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989 has led to many outstanding positive results such as a 75% reduction in mortality rate, increase the number of children going to school by 10% (UNICEF, 2019). However, sadly, in an influential region like ASEAN, member country Myanmar signed the Convention in 1991 but still cannot ensure the rights of children when allowing them to participate in conflicts due to the current situation. politically unstable with six civil wars and countless interstate conflicts since its establishment in 1948 (Maizland, 2022). Faced with this situation, the article uses a qualitative method of collecting, analyzing, and confronting the UNCRC legal framework to answer the research question of how the forced and used child soldiers have violated the law.
The problem of child abuse during Myanmar's civil wars has existed since 1948 (Cadena, 2021) and is so serious that this was once the country with the highest rate of child soldiers in the world (HRW, 2002). ). According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), about 70,000 children aged 12 to under 18 were forced to serve in the armies of warring factions competing for national leadership (HRW, 2002). After facing opposition from the UN and related organizations, Myanmar has introduced age regulations as well as standards for joining the military. During the 2021 Coup in this country, only 280 child soldiers were recorded (UN, 2022). However, it is still impossible to accurately quantify the number because Myanmar refuses all access efforts from countries and international organizations and has many acts to hide or deliberately circumvent the law to legalize children’s participation in the war (Li & Lignier, 2024).
Established in 1989, UNCRC has the role of protecting the rights of all children in all aspects of life with legal constraints. Therefore, the use of child soldiers in the war in Myanmar seriously violated Part I of this Convention, and the article will analyze based on each stage of children's participation in the armed forces. Beginning with the 'recruitment' phase, the majority of children targeted were under the minimum age of 15 years of involvement in war, as mentioned in Article 19. They were forcibly removed from their families by inhumane forms such as enticement with money, kidnapping, coercion, or threats of imprisonment (Bhattacharyya, 2023). This act of separating children from their unwanted families and depriving them of the opportunity to be raised by their families without receiving special care from the government is a violation of Articles 5, 9, 16, 18 & 37. Once in the harsh military environment, these children are forced and exploited to participate in logistical work at military barracks, and military training or even directly commit acts of violence. against humanity on the battlefield as a warrior (Bhattacharyya, 2023) violates Articles 32, 36 & 38. At the same time, participating in civil war also deprives children of the conditions to develop their thinking, and access to education as well as information, seriously hindering the process of forming and expressing opinions mentioned in Articles 12, 13, 17, 27, 28 & 29. Being on the front lines is full of dangers and enemies. enemy, these young soldiers are not guaranteed time to rest, play, associate, and assemble freely and peacefully, violating Articles 15 & 31. During their military service, children are not given priority in ensuring nutrition and physical and mental health, and they even face injuries, disability, and death in violation of Articles 3, 6, 20, 24 & 25. After When they complete their military service, they may be unlucky enough to suffer from disabilities or psychological scars, making it difficult to reintegrate into the community. Myanmar does not have special support and also has harsh actions. To silence them to save face violates Articles 21 & 39.
Through the process of comparing the current situation of the problem with the international legal framework, Myanmar's crime of using children during the civil war violated 24 out of 47 Articles of Part I of the UNCRC. Children who are victims of this problem are not guaranteed basic developmental rights but are also at high risk of injury or even death. Despite facing international opposition, Myanmar chose to ignore it to continue competing for power between factions. Furthermore, the country also refuses humanitarian aid to prevent vulnerable people such as children from accessing help (Li, 2024). Although ASEAN has also taken steps to protest the civil war in Myanmar, it has not yet taken specific and effective actions targeting children.
According to statistics from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the birth of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989 has led to many outstanding positive results such as a 75% reduction in mortality rate, increase the number of children going to school by 10% (UNICEF, 2019). However, sadly, in an influential region like ASEAN, member country Myanmar signed the Convention in 1991 but still cannot ensure the rights of children when allowing them to participate in conflicts due to the current situation. politically unstable with six civil wars and countless interstate conflicts since its establishment in 1948 (Maizland, 2022). Faced with this situation, the article uses a qualitative method of collecting, analyzing, and confronting the UNCRC legal framework to answer the research question of how the forced and used child soldiers have violated the law.
The problem of child abuse during Myanmar's civil wars has existed since 1948 (Cadena, 2021) and is so serious that this was once the country with the highest rate of child soldiers in the world (HRW, 2002). ). According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), about 70,000 children aged 12 to under 18 were forced to serve in the armies of warring factions competing for national leadership (HRW, 2002). After facing opposition from the UN and related organizations, Myanmar has introduced age regulations as well as standards for joining the military. During the 2021 Coup in this country, only 280 child soldiers were recorded (UN, 2022). However, it is still impossible to accurately quantify the number because Myanmar refuses all access efforts from countries and international organizations and has many acts to hide or deliberately circumvent the law to legalize children’s participation in the war (Li & Lignier, 2024).
Established in 1989, UNCRC has the role of protecting the rights of all children in all aspects of life with legal constraints. Therefore, the use of child soldiers in the war in Myanmar seriously violated Part I of this Convention, and the article will analyze based on each stage of children's participation in the armed forces. Beginning with the 'recruitment' phase, the majority of children targeted were under the minimum age of 15 years of involvement in war, as mentioned in Article 19. They were forcibly removed from their families by inhumane forms such as enticement with money, kidnapping, coercion, or threats of imprisonment (Bhattacharyya, 2023). This act of separating children from their unwanted families and depriving them of the opportunity to be raised by their families without receiving special care from the government is a violation of Articles 5, 9, 16, 18 & 37. Once in the harsh military environment, these children are forced and exploited to participate in logistical work at military barracks, and military training or even directly commit acts of violence. against humanity on the battlefield as a warrior (Bhattacharyya, 2023) violates Articles 32, 36 & 38. At the same time, participating in civil war also deprives children of the conditions to develop their thinking, and access to education as well as information, seriously hindering the process of forming and expressing opinions mentioned in Articles 12, 13, 17, 27, 28 & 29. Being on the front lines is full of dangers and enemies. enemy, these young soldiers are not guaranteed time to rest, play, associate, and assemble freely and peacefully, violating Articles 15 & 31. During their military service, children are not given priority in ensuring nutrition and physical and mental health, and they even face injuries, disability, and death in violation of Articles 3, 6, 20, 24 & 25. After When they complete their military service, they may be unlucky enough to suffer from disabilities or psychological scars, making it difficult to reintegrate into the community. Myanmar does not have special support and also has harsh actions. To silence them to save face violates Articles 21 & 39.
Through the process of comparing the current situation of the problem with the international legal framework, Myanmar's crime of using children during the civil war violated 24 out of 47 Articles of Part I of the UNCRC. Children who are victims of this problem are not guaranteed basic developmental rights but are also at high risk of injury or even death. Despite facing international opposition, Myanmar chose to ignore it to continue competing for power between factions. Furthermore, the country also refuses humanitarian aid to prevent vulnerable people such as children from accessing help (Li, 2024). Although ASEAN has also taken steps to protest the civil war in Myanmar, it has not yet taken specific and effective actions targeting children.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 543, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Politically
...conflicts due to the current situation. politically unstable with six civil wars and countl...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 204, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
... child soldiers in the world HRW, 2002. . According to Human Rights Watch HRW, ab...
^
Line 5, column 212, Rule ID: EN_GB_SIMPLE_REPLACE
Message: I is a common American expression, in British English it is more common to use: I
Suggestion: I
... war in Myanmar seriously violated Part I of this Convention, and the article wil...
^
Line 5, column 1086, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Against
... even directly commit acts of violence. against humanity on the battlefield as a warrio...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1518, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Enemy
...t lines is full of dangers and enemies. enemy, these young soldiers are not guarantee...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 204, Rule ID: EN_GB_SIMPLE_REPLACE
Message: I is a common American expression, in British English it is more common to use: I
Suggestion: I
... violated 24 out of 47 Articles of Part I of the UNCRC. Children who are victims ...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, furthermore, however, if, may, so, still, therefore, well, such as, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 13.1623246493 137% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 7.85571142285 38% => OK
Conjunction : 30.0 10.4138276553 288% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 4.0 7.30460921844 55% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 29.0 24.0651302605 121% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 127.0 41.998997996 302% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 26.0 8.3376753507 312% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 3980.0 1615.20841683 246% => Less number of characters wanted.
No of words: 755.0 315.596192385 239% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.27152317881 5.12529762239 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 5.24187593597 4.20363070211 125% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.91269122577 2.80592935109 104% => OK
Unique words: 394.0 176.041082164 224% => Less unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.521854304636 0.561755894193 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 1186.2 506.74238477 234% => syllable counts are too long.
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.60771543086 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 5.43587174349 129% => OK
Article: 6.0 2.52805611222 237% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 4.0 2.10420841683 190% => OK
Conjunction: 8.0 0.809619238477 988% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 13.0 4.76152304609 273% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 28.0 16.0721442886 174% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 20.2975951904 128% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 66.0930370071 49.4020404114 134% => OK
Chars per sentence: 142.142857143 106.682146367 133% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.9642857143 20.7667163134 130% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.17857142857 7.06120827912 45% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.38176352705 91% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 5.01903807615 120% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 8.67935871743 58% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 22.0 3.9879759519 552% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 3.4128256513 29% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.250162243879 0.244688304435 102% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0615851079001 0.084324248473 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.157180258713 0.0667982634062 235% => The coherence between sentences is low.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.183135113412 0.151304729494 121% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.173416045448 0.056905535591 305% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.9 13.0946893788 129% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.09 50.2224549098 90% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.44779559118 118% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 11.3001002004 119% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.58 12.4159519038 109% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.26 8.58950901804 108% => OK
difficult_words: 207.0 78.4519038076 264% => Less difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 9.78957915832 184% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.1190380762 123% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 10.7795591182 130% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.0337078652 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 6.5 Out of 9
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.