Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses explain this decline.
One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insect parasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attack cedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instances of sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so this insectis a good candidate for the cause of the tree’s decline.
A second hypothesis attributes the decline to brown bears. Bears sometimes claw at the cedars in order to eat the tree bark, which has a high sugar content. In fact, the cedar bark can contain as much sugar as the wild berries that are a staple of the bears’ diet. Although the bears’ clawing is unlikely to destroy trees by itself, their aggressive feeding habits may critically weaken enough trees to be responsible for the decline.
The third hypothesis states that gradual changes of climate may be to blame. Over the last hundred years, the patterns of seasonal as well as day-to-day temperatures have changed in northwestern North America. These changes have affected the root systems of the yellow cedar trees: the fine surface roots now start growing in the late winter rather than in the early spring. The change in the timing of root growth may have significant consequences. Growing roots are sensitive and are therefore likely to suffer damage from partial freezing on cold winter nights. This frozen root damage may be capable of undermining the health of the whole tree, eventually killing it.
The article states about the decline of yellow-cedar population. However, the professor completely opposes the hypothesis made in the article. He says that they still don't know the exact causes of the decline of yellow-cedar trees and the points in the article is not adequate.
First, the reading posits that the first hypothesis, which states that the insect parasites may be the reason behind that decline. This point is completely contradicted by the lecturer. He explains that it is not the fundamental cause. The healthy Yellow-cedar are more resistant to insects than other species. Because, the bark of that tree contains chemical, which is poisonous to the insects. Furthermore, he says that may be the insects attacked damage trees.
Second, the article claims the second hypothesis that the brown bears eat tree bark because it contains high sugar content. The professors believe that the bear is not the actual cause of declining. these trees are declining in Northwest mainland and Ireland. The fact is that, in Ireland, there is no bear but still that tree is declining. He further explains that these trees are declining with or without the bear.
Finally, According to the third hypothesis, the seasonal changes are responsible especially the winter season. The professor, on the other hand, opposes that point by saying that the trees in lower elevation are declining while the trees at higher elevation are not affecting. The lower elevation has warm environment, while at the higher elevation, the environment is cold. So, according to the fact, the trees at higher elevation would affect rather than lower elevation. Hence, it is not responsible for killing the trees.
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| 2020-01-11 | Raziya | 80 | view |
| 2020-01-05 | S M Naimul Mamun | 70 | view |
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- Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses explain this decline. One hypothesis i 85
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 168, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...in the article. He says that they still dont know the exact causes of the decline of...
^^^^
Line 3, column 199, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: These
...r is not the actual cause of declining. these trees are declining in Northwest mainla...
^^^^^
Line 4, column 93, Rule ID: THE_FALL_SEASON[1]
Message: Use simply 'winter'.
Suggestion: winter
...onal changes are responsible especially the winter season. The professor, on the other hand, oppo...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, hence, however, may, second, so, still, third, while, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1419.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 273.0 270.72406181 101% => OK
Chars per words: 5.1978021978 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06481385082 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.71041975282 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 139.0 145.348785872 96% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.509157509158 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 429.3 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 13.0 8.23620309051 158% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 31.0192505683 49.2860985944 63% => OK
Chars per sentence: 74.6842105263 110.228320801 68% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.3684210526 21.698381199 66% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.52631578947 7.06452816374 78% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.161588722783 0.272083759551 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0522303221825 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.044661033431 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0984869549196 0.162205337803 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0347791012666 0.0443174109184 78% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.2 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.27 53.8541721854 106% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.8 11.0289183223 80% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.29 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.86 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.