In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
The reading is about the theories regarding the origin of the Voynich manuscript. It provides three supporting ideas in order to bolster its claim. However, the professor cast doubts for the three hypothesis. He refutes each of the passage reasoning.
First, the article asserts that Anothony Ascham was the inventor of the manuscript as he used a complex and uncanny code. But, the narrator doubts on this proposition. He describes, the theory was not fit with the Ascham because he used common plants that was unlikely to correlate with the Voynich manuscript.
Second, the reading states that the manuscript was genuinely fake as it has been invented by the Edward Kelley who used that manuscript to dragged money. However, the lecturer denies this claim. He says, it was not Kelley who was the creator rather it was looked real code. Moreover, there was not necessary to invent something complex on that time to cajole people.
Third, the written excerpt claims that Mr. Voynich was the original creator of Voynich handwritten book. The point is quite unconvincing with the narrators claim. The professor explains that by using dating technique it was possible to decipher the used ink and vellums age of that manuscript. Furthermore, it was found the manuscript was written 400 years ago before the Voynich. In addition, how it was possible for Voynich to get the ink that was 400 years old? So, the manuscript was not created by Voynich
- One of the threats to endangered sea turtle species is the use of nets by commercial shrimp fishing boats When turtles get accidentally caught in the nets they cannot rise to the surface of the ocean to breathe and they die Some people suggest that this p 71
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement People nowadays do not give enough time to helping their communities Use specific examples and reasons to support your opinions 73
- Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects What is specific to these online encyclopedias how 91
- The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C E There were unusually harsh winters and glaciers grew larger in many areas Scientists have long wondered what caused 80
- It has been said Not everything that is learned is contained in books Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books In your opinion which source is more important Why 73
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, furthermore, however, look, moreover, regarding, second, so, third, in addition
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1213.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 241.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.03319502075 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94007293032 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.58133310344 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 125.0 145.348785872 86% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.51867219917 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 359.1 419.366225166 86% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.8235294118 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 71.3529411765 110.228320801 65% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.1764705882 21.698381199 65% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.35294117647 7.06452816374 76% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.311672277848 0.272083759551 115% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.104237908286 0.0996497079465 105% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0920270185095 0.0662205650399 139% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.180774632017 0.162205337803 111% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.103196091396 0.0443174109184 233% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.4 13.3589403974 70% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 65.73 53.8541721854 122% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.6 11.0289183223 69% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.3 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.