Agnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids were primitive arthropods—relatives of modern-day insects. However, the fossil information does not allow paleontologists to determine with certainty what agnostids ate or how they behaved. There are several different theories about how agnostids may have lived.
Free-Swimming Predators
First, the agnostids may have been free-swimming predators that hunted smaller animals. It is known that other types of primitive arthropods were strong swimmers and active predators, so it is reasonable that the agnostids may have lived that way as well. And while the agnostids were small, sometimes just six millimeters long, there were plenty of smaller organisms in the ancient ocean for them to prey on.
Seafloor Dwellers
Second, they may have dwelled on the seafloor. Again, there are examples of other types of primitive arthropods living this way, so it is possible that agnostids did too. On the seafloor they would have survived by scavenging dead organisms or by grazing on bacteria.
Parasites
Third, there is the possibility that the agnostids were parasites, living on and feeding off larger organisms. One reason that this seems possible is that there are many species of modern-day arthropods that exist as parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites. The agnostids might have lived on primitive fish or even on other, larger arthropods.
Based on the seemingly reasonable evidence, the reading insists that there might be three possibilities about how agnostids have lived. However, the professor disapproves of the above and then presents several pieces of evidence to support her statement.
First, the reading contends that the agnostids might be free-swimming predators. Yet, the professor refutes this conclusion, demonstrating that in reality, free-swimming predators have large and well-developed eyes with good vision. On the contrary, the agnostids have poor eyes and some of them are even blind.
Moreover, the reading attempts to inform that agnostids may have dwelled on the seafloor since this is how some of the primitive arthropods have lived. Nevertheless, the professor suggests that agnostids can move fast and appear in multiple areas. So, this contradicts the fact that seafloor dwellers tend to stay localized in small geographic areas.
At last, the reading assumes that agnostids are parasites. But one critical fact is neglected. Pointed out by the professor, parasites have a population with small limits. On the other hand, agnostids live in large groups proved by the fossils having vast individuals of them.
In conclusion, although the reading and the lecture are both about how agnostids live, the three main assumptions made in the reading are effectively challenged by the lecturer.
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| 2023-09-05 | YasamanEsml | 86 | view |
| 2023-06-19 | Vivian Chang | 76 | view |
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| 2023-01-30 | reza_fattahi | 86 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 108, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...elled on the seafloor since this is how some of the primitive arthropods have lived. Nevert...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, may, moreover, nevertheless, so, then, well, in conclusion, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 13.0 22.412803532 58% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1177.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 212.0 270.72406181 78% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.55188679245 5.08290768461 109% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.81578560438 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.93714184928 2.5805825403 114% => OK
Unique words: 122.0 145.348785872 84% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.575471698113 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 352.8 419.366225166 84% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 39.1221724691 49.2860985944 79% => OK
Chars per sentence: 90.5384615385 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.3076923077 21.698381199 75% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.84615384615 7.06452816374 125% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.168902893119 0.272083759551 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0651110299205 0.0996497079465 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0542994385357 0.0662205650399 82% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0969102160907 0.162205337803 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0210096025639 0.0443174109184 47% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.61 12.2367328918 119% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.9 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.