Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing-- it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
The lecture is refuting the merits of altruism described in the reading passage.
The written section delineates advantages of helping each other, and enumerated animal and human behaviors as examples. Including one kind of animal, meerkat, stands guard for other companions so they are able to hunt for food safely, making high pitch alarm while facing the peril of predators to inform other meerkats to escape, and human donate their organs, such as kidney, to relatives or even strangers. Virtually, these perspectives still remain something to be desired. To mirror a more overall, the speaker claims that meerkats are already well fed before standing the guard for companions, also they put themself into greater danger by searching for food than standing the guard. What the lecture debate aims to probe that meerkats have better opportunity of surviving by making alarm cry because it would be easier to escape into burrows, and predators normally are interested in clustered prey. The meerkat that makes alarm sound, in a surprise turnaround, bear better chance of surviving. Additionally, the recording passage focus its attention on the phenomenon that human actually receive benefits, such as approval and valuable things, by donating organs to relatives or strangers. Clashing with the reading passage, the listening passage seems to advocate that the advantages from altruism are not as ideal as we perceive.
What the lecture's stance to illuminate this issue is based upon the fact that the above-outlined viewpoints form the reading passage are not so convincing. Judging from this angle, the contention supported by listening passage manifests thoroughly different perspectives on the topic demonstrated in the reading passage.
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| 2019-10-07 | Amey Waghmode | 68 | view |
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- Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of alt 70
The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Don't need to reiterate the contents of reading passages or as less as possible.
Don't need a conclusion.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Attribute Value Ideal
Score: 21 in 30
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 11 12
No. of Words: 271 250
No. of Characters: 1443 1200
No. of Different Words: 161 150
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.057 4.2
Average Word Length: 5.325 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.674 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 117 80
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 90 60
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 63 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 43 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 24.636 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 11.121 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.455 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.356 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.503 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.088 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 3 4