Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably corresponded to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading states that researchers broke the T.rex leg bone and found materials inside which seemed to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix. However, the professor finds this discovery dubious and presents some evidence to refute it.
First, the reading claims that branching channels in the leg bones are the location of blood vessels in which soft organic substance represents the remains of real blood vessels. The professor rejects this point by saying that some organisms like bacteria live in the hollow structure of bones in a dead body and this soft material may be the residue of bacteria colonies and not blood vessels.
Second, the reading holds the view that spheres which have been seen by microscopic examination of the inner bone could be the remains of red blood cells. However, the professor says that these spheres exist in the same place in other animals which never have red blood cells. The spheres can belong to different origins of animals’ bodies or they may be just a kind of reddish mineral.
Third, the reading asserts that the dinosaur leg bone was tested and it showed the presence of collagen in the bone. In contrast, the professor dismisses this issue by saying the fact that collagen cannot remain more than a hundred thousand years and it definitely didn’t come from T.rex bone. In addition, he mentioned that collagen exists on human skin as well and it is expected that collagen could have come from researcher handling.
- Wild tuna 85
- T rex leg bone 83
- Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals Thus scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70 million ye 3
- Some parents offer their school age children money for each high grade mark they get in school Do you think this is a good idea 60
- declining in populations of yellow cedar 80
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 388, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... may be just a kind of reddish mineral. Third, the reading asserts that the dino...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, may, second, so, third, well, in addition, in contrast, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1251.0 1373.03311258 91% => OK
No of words: 251.0 270.72406181 93% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.98406374502 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.98032404683 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3521704509 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.549800796813 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 369.0 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.1823161227 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 125.1 110.228320801 113% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.1 21.698381199 116% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.3 7.06452816374 117% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0443222375555 0.272083759551 16% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.021842110044 0.0996497079465 22% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0289918092147 0.0662205650399 44% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.027559112003 0.162205337803 17% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0370092240637 0.0443174109184 84% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.6 13.3589403974 109% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 57.0 63.6247240618 90% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 388, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... may be just a kind of reddish mineral. Third, the reading asserts that the dino...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, may, second, so, third, well, in addition, in contrast, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1251.0 1373.03311258 91% => OK
No of words: 251.0 270.72406181 93% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.98406374502 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.98032404683 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3521704509 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.549800796813 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 369.0 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.1823161227 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 125.1 110.228320801 113% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.1 21.698381199 116% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.3 7.06452816374 117% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0443222375555 0.272083759551 16% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.021842110044 0.0996497079465 22% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0289918092147 0.0662205650399 44% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.027559112003 0.162205337803 17% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0370092240637 0.0443174109184 84% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.6 13.3589403974 109% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 57.0 63.6247240618 90% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.