Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200-million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees' close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees' nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading and listening passages discuss whether the bees existed on Earth as early as 200 million years ago or not. The author proposes three theories to support the idea that they could not live in 200 million years ago. However, the speaker holds these arguments questionable.
First of all, the article claims that no fossil has ever been found. Nevertheless, the lecture points out that maybe, the reason is bees cannot preserve in that time. Insects' fossils are usually pertained by tree's resin, but, in 200 million years ago, there was not a tree that would secret the resin to make bees become the fossil. As a result, there is no fossil of bees exist in now.
Second, the writer says flowering plants did not appear in so early past to feed by bees. On the other hand, the lecturer argues that although bees have no flowering plants to provide the food, they could forage non-flowering plants as the food. For example, ferns and pine trees are the good food's source to supply the nutrition to bees.
Furthermore, the author states that the fossilized structure of the nest lack some of the finer features compared to modern bees. However, the speaker contends that there is a specific chemical material which used to prevent the water by modern bees are totally the same with the older bees. Consequently, the evidence shows that the old and contemporary bees have many similar places, which could seem as the same species.
To sum up, all the arguments mentioned in the reading passage are not plausible according to the speaker.
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- Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200-million-year-old fossilized trees in t 81
- Summarize the points made in the lecture being sure to explain how they challenge the specific arguments presented in the reading passage 52
- A/D : The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged four to seven is giving them a computer. 70
- The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition. 58
- The following appeared in an editorial in a local newspaper.“Commuters complain that increased rush-hour traffic on Blue Highway between the suburbs and the city center has doubled their commuting time. The favored proposal of the motorists' lobby 59
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 79, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...e fossilized structure of the nest lack some of the finer features compared to modern bees....
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, first, furthermore, however, if, may, nevertheless, second, so, for example, as a result, first of all, to sum up, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 12.0 22.412803532 54% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1288.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 266.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 4.84210526316 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03850299372 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36305634215 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.582706766917 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 382.5 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.2660442572 49.2860985944 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.0 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.0 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.7857142857 7.06452816374 153% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.379521496731 0.272083759551 139% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.110170748128 0.0996497079465 111% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.103820816461 0.0662205650399 157% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.167182385687 0.162205337803 103% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.13502774685 0.0443174109184 305% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.9 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 69.11 53.8541721854 128% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.3 11.0289183223 75% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.79 12.2367328918 88% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.44 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.