Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage has expressed that dinosaurs were endotherm (with constant body temperature) for several reasons. However, the professor explained that there is an argument between scientists in this case, and several reasons that the passage has mentioned, are not convincing.
For example, as the reading says dinosaurs were endotherm because their fossils have been found in polar regions where only endotherms can survive, but the professor said that some seasons polar regions were warm enough for animals who are not endotherm and if polar regions were so cold they could migrate to other regions so, this theory in the passage, is not reliable.
The other reason that the reading has pointed is, having underneath legs for some activities like running. In this case, the professor explained that the legs position can also support large weight because dinosaurs were so big and this feature has advantages for them so they will not need to run many times. As a result, what the passage has said is not convincing.
The third reason that the passage mentioned to prove dinosaurs are endotherm is, discovering Haversian canals in the fossils of dinosaurs, in contrast, the professor explained that the dinosaurs had Haversian canals, but they had grown strings too, it indicates in the cold environment they grew slow so, some times growing fast and sometimes growing slowly is not a feature of endotherms.
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| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
| 2023-06-14 | YasamanEsml | 90 | view |
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- TPO 31
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 373, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...theory in the passage, is not reliable. The other reason that the reading has po...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, so, third, for example, in contrast, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 16.0 30.3222958057 53% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1187.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 230.0 270.72406181 85% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.16086956522 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.89432290496 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.54765172278 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 121.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.526086956522 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 363.6 419.366225166 87% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 32.0 21.2450331126 151% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 121.411763543 49.2860985944 246% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 169.571428571 110.228320801 154% => OK
Words per sentence: 32.8571428571 21.698381199 151% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.2857142857 7.06452816374 146% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.216680668101 0.272083759551 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.095868641448 0.0996497079465 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0963774828259 0.0662205650399 146% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.131590008317 0.162205337803 81% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0606670924433 0.0443174109184 137% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 19.3 13.3589403974 144% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 39.0 53.8541721854 72% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.8 11.0289183223 143% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.24 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.59 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 49.0 63.6247240618 77% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 17.0 10.7273730684 158% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.8 10.498013245 141% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.