Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement There is a connection between the endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage states that endotherms are animals that are able to maintain a contant internal temperature of thirty seven degrees and that it is independent of whether the surrounsing environment is warm or cold. The reading passage suggests reasons that dinosaurs might be endotherms as they are disparate in many ways from modern reptiles eventhough they were once considered to be very similar. The speaker in disavows the reasons that claim and the reasons cited in the reading passage. The reasons cited by the passage and the reasons provided by the speaker that snubs them are summarized in the following paragraph.
Firstly, the reading passage states that their have been fossils of dinosaurs disintered in the polar regions which serves as a evidence to corroborate that dinosaurs were indeed endotherms. The speaker dismisses the posited claim and argues that back in the time when dinosaurs lived the regions that are polar regions now might have been much warmer, enough to support the dinosaurs. According to the speaker it is also possible that the dinosaurs migrated towards warmer regtions when the cold set in these regions.
Secondly, the connection between the leg position and movement with that of the animals constant of body temperature is elucidated by the passage. It is stated that the legs that were positioned underneath the body in case of dinosaurs, unlike the crocodiles and many lizards, indicated of the dinosaurs ability to be high energy beings suitable for running. The speaker argues that legs underneath the body might not be neccessarily indicative of dinosaurs to be having high energy and ability to run. Rather it can explain how the heavy weight of the dinosaur's body were supported. It also proivded increased height from the ground which was advantageous to dinosaurs.
Lastly, the reading passage mentions the presence of harvesian canals in the bone structure which are ubiquitous in the endotherms. These canals have nerves and blood vessels that facilitate a animal to grow very quickly which aligns with the fact that rapid growth is characteristic of endothermy. The speaker disavows the reasoning and argues that the passage fails to mention that researchers have found dinosaurs bones to also have growth rings which are indicative of the growth pattern of a dinosaur. It shows that the dinosaurs rather than rapidly growing, had growth spurts after intervals thus forming the rings in their bones.
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| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 405, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ere once considered to be very similar. The speaker in disavows the reasons that cl...
^^^
Line 1, column 498, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...e reasons cited in the reading passage. The reasons cited by the passage and the re...
^^^
Line 2, column 127, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ed in the polar regions which serves as a evidence to corroborate that dinosaurs ...
^
Line 3, column 294, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'dinosaurs'' or 'dinosaur's'?
Suggestion: dinosaurs'; dinosaur's
...iles and many lizards, indicated of the dinosaurs ability to be high energy beings suitab...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 503, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Rather,
... having high energy and ability to run. Rather it can explain how the heavy weight of ...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 533, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...y to run. Rather it can explain how the heavy weight of the dinosaurs body were supported. I...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 191, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...erves and blood vessels that facilitate a animal to grow very quickly which align...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, lastly, second, secondly, so, thus
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 25.0 10.4613686534 239% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 27.0 12.0772626932 224% => Less relative clauses wanted (maybe 'which' is over used).
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 47.0 30.3222958057 155% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2065.0 1373.03311258 150% => OK
No of words: 397.0 270.72406181 147% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.20151133501 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.46372701284 4.04702891845 110% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65677526029 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 185.0 145.348785872 127% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.465994962217 0.540411800872 86% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 641.7 419.366225166 153% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 43.5559984388 49.2860985944 88% => OK
Chars per sentence: 129.0625 110.228320801 117% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.8125 21.698381199 114% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.5 7.06452816374 50% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.177787510632 0.272083759551 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0607372444575 0.0996497079465 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0695962302598 0.0662205650399 105% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.101883904796 0.162205337803 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0474571128918 0.0443174109184 107% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.5 13.3589403974 116% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.12 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.7 11.0289183223 115% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.18 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.72 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 98.0 63.6247240618 154% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.