Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
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Recently, there has been a ton of debate as to make decision about dinosaurs, as the dinosaurs are endotherms or not. More specifically, in regard to the passage, the writer puts forth the idea that the dinosaurs are endotherms for several reasons. In the listening passage, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer’s claims. In fact, the professor believes dinosaurs are not endotherms and addresses, in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the fossils of dinosaurs are found in polar area and only endotherms can only live in such place. Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim. In the listening, for example, the professor states dinosaurs did not live in such cooler area. He goes on to say that they only lived in the polar in warmer season and in the cooler season they migrated into hotter region or they went into hibernation.
Secondly, one group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that the leg position of dinosaur indicates that they are endotherms because the leg under the body like human all animals are endotherms. As the dinosaur leg position is under the body , so dinosaurs are endotherms. Of course, though, not all experts in this sector believe this is accurate. Again, the speaker specifically addresses this point when he states such leg position of dinosaurs helps them to speed movements. Additionally, he notes that it also helps to bear the body weight.
Finally, the author wraps his argument by positing that the dinosaurs have haversian canal which indicate that dinosaurs are endotherms. Because endotherms animals contains haversian canal. Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes issue with this claim by contending that beside the haversianclnal dinosaur also cotain growth rings it indicate that dinosaurs are not endotherms.
To sum up, both the writer and professor hold conflicting views about the endothermian characteristics of dinosaurs. It is clear that they will have trouble, in case of finding common ground on this issue.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-09-27 | Kalyani_tekade_24 | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 253, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
... dinosaur leg position is under the body , so dinosaurs are endotherms. Of course...
^^
Line 5, column 559, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... it also helps to bear the body weight. Finally, the author wraps his argument b...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 138, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Because” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...indicate that dinosaurs are endotherms. Because endotherms animals contains haversian c...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 332, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'indicates'?
Suggestion: indicates
...al dinosaur also cotain growth rings it indicate that dinosaurs are not endotherms. T...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, as to, for example, in fact, of course, in regard to, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 50.0 30.3222958057 165% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1813.0 1373.03311258 132% => OK
No of words: 351.0 270.72406181 130% => OK
Chars per words: 5.16524216524 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.32839392791 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.77294702697 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.512820512821 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 552.6 419.366225166 132% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 8.0 2.5761589404 311% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 40.1005295369 49.2860985944 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 100.722222222 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.5 21.698381199 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.66666666667 7.06452816374 94% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.160402082806 0.272083759551 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0563332683348 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.051540919042 0.0662205650399 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0829774056201 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0456077885719 0.0443174109184 103% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.95 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.