Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Both of the passage and the lecture discuss about the evidence that decides whether dinosaurs were endotherms or not. The passage describes three evidence that proves dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the lecture denies all the evidence that mentioned in the passage.
First of all, the passage propose the first evidence- Polar dinosaurs- to prove that dinosaurs were endotherms. Because only endotherms are able to survive in cold climates. In contrast, the lecture argues that Polar Regions were much warmer before, even when Polar Regions started getting cold those dinosaurs could migrate to warmer area. Thus, the fossils found in Polar Regions cannot be the evidence that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Secondly, the passage cites another evidence that dinosaurs' legs are underneath the body, so the running can be efficient, which is same as all modern endotherms. On the other hand, the lecture rejects the evidence by pointing out the legs of dinosaurs are not for sustaining high energy of physical activity. Rather, their legs are for supporting more weight, and therefore they could have larger size, which was beneficial for them.
Finally, the passage states the last evidence that dinosaurs had same bones structures as endotherms called Haversian canals. Thus, dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the lecture refutes the passage by supplanting additional information that dinosaurs also had growth rings, which indicates stop growing or slowly growing. And these features are not belonged to endotherms.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
| 2023-06-14 | YasamanEsml | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 113, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Because” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...o prove that dinosaurs were endotherms. Because only endotherms are able to survive in ...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, however, second, secondly, so, therefore, thus, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 19.0 30.3222958057 63% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1296.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 233.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.56223175966 5.08290768461 109% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.90696013833 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56103450795 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 127.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.545064377682 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 405.9 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.4139585225 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 92.5714285714 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.6428571429 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.14285714286 7.06452816374 115% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.14836747815 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0638801247717 0.0996497079465 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0442351170203 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0969214973738 0.162205337803 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0182007293855 0.0443174109184 41% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.67 12.2367328918 120% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.77 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.