Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an
internal temperature of 37℃,no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure.
The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and the lecture are both about endotherm charactheristic of dinosaurs . The author of the reading feels that dinosaurs had endotherm feature like other reptiles, according to three main explanations. The lecturer challanges the claims made by the author. She is of the opinion that these theories are falce.
To begin with, the author argues that due to fossils of dinosaurs were found in an area named Polar region which had cold climate. For surviving in this condition they should be an endotherm animal. This specific arguement is challanged by the lecturer. He claims that some parts of Polar region could be warmer and that is why fossils could be found only certain part of this region.
Secondly, the writer mentions that dinosaurs’ legs were placed underneath of their body, which make it easier to run. Therefore this finding also support that dinosaurs were endothermy. The lecturer, however, robuts it by mentioning that underneath positioned legs brings with them longer body and because of their weight it turn to an advantage.
Finally, the author points that dinosaurs’ bones had Haversian canals which facilitate growth and other endotherm animals had it as well. In contrast, the lecturer’s position is that although haversian canals increases rapid of growth, this can suggest that they had grown earlier in their life, however then their body got stopped or slower growth speed. This growing strategy might help to them surviving in warm periods of climate.
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- TOEFL T P O 12 Integrated Writing Task 3
- In the United States it had been common practice since the late1960s no to suppress natural forest fires The let it burn policy assumed that forest fire would burn themselves out quickly without causing much damage However in the summer of 1988 forest fir 70
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign countries 76
- What do you think is the best way for the government of your country to improve the environment Increase public transportation Reduce the construction of new factories Build more parks 83
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Most advertisements make products seem much better then they really are Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 76
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 82, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...t endotherm charactheristic of dinosaurs . The author of the reading feels that di...
^^
Line 1, column 213, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
..., according to three main explanations. The lecturer challanges the claims made by ...
^^^
Line 3, column 119, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...heir body, which make it easier to run. Therefore this finding also support that dinosaur...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 327, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'turns'?
Suggestion: turns
...ger body and because of their weight it turn to an advantage. Finally, the author p...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, therefore, well, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1261.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 241.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.23236514523 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94007293032 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61752968442 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 142.0 145.348785872 98% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.589211618257 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 369.0 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 47.2177435518 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 90.0714285714 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.2142857143 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.42857142857 7.06452816374 105% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.165715318578 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0569777499033 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0424030150748 0.0662205650399 64% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0964742331923 0.162205337803 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0151415231448 0.0443174109184 34% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.76 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.87 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.