A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
Based on the given materials, the reading as well as the listening are about wheather a specific type of dinasour had feather or not. The reading supports the idea of some critics who are of the opinion that the fossils are not convincing while the lecturer argues and explains ideas which support the theory.
Initially, the reading states that lines do not show the functional structure of the animal by pointing out that the lines might be the result of the composition. After the animal dies, the skin decomposes to fiber which can make the same lines. However, the lecturer posits that the idea of decomposition is not convincing since fossils of other animals are found well preserved in that site. The fossils that are beutifully preserved opposes skin decomposition of the animal and contradicts the idea of fiber thecompositions and line formation as a result of it.
Second, The writer claims that these animals had an structure called frills which could make the same lines. Yet again, The speaker underscores that frills and feathers are chemichally different since feathers contains a certain kind of protein. Based on some analysis conducted by experts, the lines contained the protein which is found in feather and as a result the lines was not made by frills.
The last point of contention between the listening and reading passages is the functunality of the feathers. The writer mentions that feathers help animals to regulate their tempreture or fly. On the other hand, the listening posits that animals use their feather for other purposes too. She give an example of the peackoks which use its colorful feather tail to attract mates. She also points out the fact that according to the animal structure we know the animal was colorful and consequently supports the idea that it had feathers.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-09-30 | mahan vahab kashi | 73 | view |
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Leadership comes naturally: one cannot learn to be a leader.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 73
- Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the projec 3
- Robert E. Peary was a well-known adventurer and arctic explorer who in 1909 set out to reach the North Pole. When he returned from the expedition, he claimed to have reached the pole on April 7, 1909. This report made him into an international celebrity. 75
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 76
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 119, Rule ID: HAD_VBP[1]
Message: Possible agreement error -- use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
...heather a specific type of dinasour had feather or not. The reading supports the idea o...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 119, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
...heather a specific type of dinasour had feather or not. The reading supports the idea o...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 50, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...he writer claims that these animals had an structure called frills which could mak...
^^
Line 13, column 293, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'She' must be used with a third-person verb: 'gives'.
Suggestion: gives
...eir feather for other purposes too. She give an example of the peackoks which use it...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, consequently, however, if, second, so, well, while, kind of, as a result, as well as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1524.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 303.0 270.72406181 112% => OK
Chars per words: 5.0297029703 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17215713816 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61547355023 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 145.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.478547854785 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 468.9 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 32.2449964478 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 108.857142857 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.6428571429 21.698381199 100% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.78571428571 7.06452816374 110% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0875585162221 0.272083759551 32% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0326719200554 0.0996497079465 33% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0399605519709 0.0662205650399 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0568697804097 0.162205337803 35% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0330304568245 0.0443174109184 75% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.89 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.