The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperature. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
the reading states that Scientists are trying to found out what would occure the Little Ice age
and provides three possible causes of support. The lecturer challenges the proposals
made by the author and refutes each of the author's claims.
first of all, the article argue's that disruption of ocean current might have caused the little
ice age. The lecturer challenges the claim. He says that this little ice age only explain the europe and american
distruption but does not provide any explanation sothern hamisphere disruption. Additionally, he states that
sothern hamisphere like newzwland and soth africa also become cooler now this time and shortage their Ice age but author does not provide any specific reason
for this happening.
Secondly, The article posits that after volcanic eruption dust and sulfer gas spread into the atmosphere and blocking sunlight thus, sunlight can not reache into the earth. as a result global temperature decreaes day by day.
The lecturer, however, rebuts this claim that volcanic dust mainly striking visual effects. as a result
it occurs some color sunglight and produce gray or parpel snow. On the other hand these effects can not reported by the authors so, this dust effectnot long enough to explain Little ice age.
Finally, the author asserts that human population declination would be occure indirectly to the cooling of climate.
In the article states that for declining population besides forest trees increases and then trees absorb large amount of carbon-dioxide and green house gasses and keep the earth cool. In contrast, the lecturer position is that it has not enough time to stay low of human population because during short time, human population increas and cut down again large number of trees.Furthermore, He says that this assumption are not carrying any convincing idea and this population decreasing concept not long enough to long term effects of enormous
global cooning and little ice age.
- Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and 80
- Genetic modification, a process used to change an organism’s genes and hence its characteristics, is now being used to improve trees. Through genetic modification, it is possible to create trees that produce more fruits, grow faster, or withstand advers 3
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called 80
- Genetic modification, a process used to change an organism’s genes and hence its characteristics, is now being used to improve trees. Through genetic modification, it is possible to create trees that produce more fruits, grow faster, or withstand advers 80
- Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals. 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the reading states that Scientists are tryi...
^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: And
... what would occure the Little Ice age and provides three possible causes of suppo...
^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Made
...The lecturer challenges the proposals made by the author and refutes each of the a...
^^^^
Line 9, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: First
...efutes each of the authors claims. first of all, the article argues that disrupt...
^^^^^
Line 11, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Ice
... current might have caused the little ice age. The lecturer challenges the claim....
^^^
Line 13, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Distruption
... only explain the europe and american distruption but does not provide any explanation so...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 109, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...disruption. Additionally, he states that sothern hamisphere like newzwland and so...
^^^^
Line 15, column 158, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...hor does not provide any specific reason for this happening. Secondly, The a...
^^^^
Line 17, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: For
...does not provide any specific reason for this happening. Secondly, The arti...
^^^
Line 21, column 174, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: As
...sunlight can not reache into the earth. as a result global temperature decreaes da...
^^
Line 21, column 174, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “as” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...sunlight can not reache into the earth. as a result global temperature decreaes da...
^^
Line 23, column 93, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: As
...ic dust mainly striking visual effects. as a result it occurs some color sungli...
^^
Line 23, column 93, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “as” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...ic dust mainly striking visual effects. as a result it occurs some color sungli...
^^
Line 23, column 104, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nly striking visual effects. as a result it occurs some color sunglight and produ...
^^^^
Line 25, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...striking visual effects. as a result it occurs some color sunglight and produce...
^^
Line 25, column 105, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[3]
Message: The verb 'can' requires base form of the verb: 'report'
Suggestion: report
...On the other hand these effects can not reported by the authors so, this dust effectnot ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 33, column 376, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Furthermore
...nd cut down again large number of trees.Furthermore, He says that this assumption are not c...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 33, column 542, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... enough to long term effects of enormous global cooning and little ice age.
^^^^
Line 35, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Global
...ugh to long term effects of enormous global cooning and little ice age.
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, thus, in contrast, as a result, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 4.0 10.4613686534 38% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 17.0 7.30242825607 233% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 5.01324503311 259% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1685.0 1373.03311258 123% => OK
No of words: 315.0 270.72406181 116% => OK
Chars per words: 5.34920634921 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21286593061 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55848988592 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 182.0 145.348785872 125% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.577777777778 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 504.9 419.366225166 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 85.5357963018 49.2860985944 174% => OK
Chars per sentence: 120.357142857 110.228320801 109% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.9285714286 7.06452816374 155% => OK
Paragraphs: 13.0 4.09492273731 317% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 19.0 4.19205298013 453% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0986796388899 0.272083759551 36% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.034630208947 0.0996497079465 35% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0408502925269 0.0662205650399 62% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0446937848319 0.162205337803 28% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512719498789 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.0 13.3589403974 112% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.05 12.2367328918 115% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.74 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.2008830022 134% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.