The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disruption of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream current. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The lecture casts doubt on the passage which proposes three possible causes for Little Ice Age. Instead, the lecture claims that non of these explanations are convincing enough.
First of all, the passage states that disruption of ocean currents, such as Gulf Stream, may have caused the Little Ice Age. However, the lecture denies the passage by arguing that disruption of ocean currents can only explain changes in Europe and North America. But it cannot explain the changes in places like New Zealand or South Africa.
Secondly, the passages mentions that volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. Since when volcanoes erupt, the dark clouds that they sent would block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. Yet the lecture disagrees with the passage by pointing out that when volcanoes erupt, there would be obvious scenes like colorful sunset or snow becoming gray. But there is no any report that describes them.
Finally, the passage claims that substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. Since the human population decreased, forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture, so the greenhouse effect was mitigated. Nevertheless, the lecture refutes the passage by claiming that there was no enough time for this to happen. Since the human population grew back quickly, those trees did not have enough time to regrow and absorb carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 383, Rule ID: NOW[2]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
...set or snow becoming gray. But there is no any report that describes them. Fina...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1260.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 238.0 270.72406181 88% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.29411764706 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.92775363542 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.42260323332 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 148.0 145.348785872 102% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.621848739496 0.540411800872 115% => OK
syllable_count: 382.5 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 32.4365561907 49.2860985944 66% => OK
Chars per sentence: 96.9230769231 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3076923077 21.698381199 84% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.07692307692 7.06452816374 100% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.104341384551 0.272083759551 38% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0397610324162 0.0996497079465 40% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0482960868598 0.0662205650399 73% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0640414165731 0.162205337803 39% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00755043761505 0.0443174109184 17% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.4 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.91 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 63.6247240618 104% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.