Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The article states that paleontologists have wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight or whether they were able only to glide and provides three reasons that have been mage against powered flight. however, the professor explains that there are several evidences in the support of this hypothesis and refutes each of the author's reasons.
First, the reading states that pterosaurs may be cold-blooded animal since as the modern reptiles are cold-blooded. And cold-blooded animals have slow metabolism and are not able to produce a lot of energy. The professor refutes this point by stating that there is dense hair covering that is to maintain high temperature.
Second, the article claims that pterosaurs were very heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time. however, the professor contends that their bones have enigmatical features. The inside of bone is hollow, so that in contrary with their large bode, their weights were low.
Third, the reading avers that all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But, as they know from fossilized bones, the back feet of pterosaurs were too small and feeble. so they would not be able to run fast enough or jump high enough in order to launch themselves into the air. The lecture opposes this point by saying that it is different among the diverse modern animals. there are some birds which are used their two limbs and there are also some that are used all of their four limbs.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 222, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
... have been mage against powered flight. however, the professor explains that there are ...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 165, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...h to stay aloft for any length of time. however, the professor contends that their bone...
^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 266, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...f pterosaurs were too small and feeble. so they would not be able to run fast enou...
^^
Line 13, column 471, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: There
...erent among the diverse modern animals. there are some birds which are used their two...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, may, second, so, then, third
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 21.0 10.4613686534 201% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1352.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 275.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 4.91636363636 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07223819929 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3346870532 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.541818181818 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 410.4 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 38.6415786121 49.2860985944 78% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.0 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.1538461538 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.53846153846 7.06452816374 64% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.222061450008 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0696622099396 0.0996497079465 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0830568405117 0.0662205650399 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.139165134707 0.162205337803 86% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0736731622344 0.0443174109184 166% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.26 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.55 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 50.0 63.6247240618 79% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.