Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.
One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.
A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems
Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading states that the scientists are going to find the possibility of sending human to Mars, but there are some problems about this project. However, the speaker finds all ideas dubious and presents some evidences to refute them all.
First, the author argues that a round trip to Mars and back is probably to last 2 years, while a journey to the moon takes just a few days. So, bringing enough sources of food, water and oxygen is easy in the trip to moon. Because of the limited capacity of space vehicles, it seems that putting a great amount of food, water and oxygen for 2 years in Mars mission is impossible. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that the astronauts to solve this problem can use the hydroponic which is a technique that use water rather than soil to grow plants and with this method they can cultivate the required plants with the recycling waste water, as a source of food and drinking water. Also, the plants by photosynthesis can absorb dioxide carbon and release oxygen to provide fresh air.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that during the Mars mission, there is a zero-gravity environment that astronaut may face to it and in the long run, it can be dangerous for astronauts' body. On the contrary, the professor underlies the fact that astronauts can prevent the muscles' mass decreasing with regular exercises or taking the minerals like Calcium can avoid the bone density depletion.
Finally, the reading asserts that during the mars mission, the astronauts can be subjected to the dangerous levels of space radiation especially by the sun and constructing a shield to prevent the spaceship from space radiation may add the excessive weights to the spaceship. In contrast, the speaker dismisses the issue due to the fact that the solar radiation will not be dangerous all the time and occasionally during the particular time they may be dangerous. So after the detection of the dangerous levels of solar radiation by a special equipment, the astronauts can use a small shelter to hide themselves until the danger has passed.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-20 | f.jafary66@gmail.com | 80 | view |
| 2020-01-18 | naziii | 3 | view |
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| 2019-12-27 | Amirreza97 | 3 | view |
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- TPO-50 - Integrated Writing Task 3
- A little over 2 200 years ago the Roman navy attached the Greek port city of Syracuse According to some ancient historians the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a burning mirror a polished copper surface curved to focus the Sun s 80
- If there s a way to improve yourself which one among the three choices you would take take more exercise eat healthy food reduce the amount of stress 90
- Quackers are certainly a very strange phenomenon Experts still debate what the source of the sounds was No one can be sure exactly what caused them But these experts cite certain problems with all of the theories thatyou just read about Here are a few of 90
- TPO3 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 642, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...themselves until the danger has passed.
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, conversely, finally, first, furthermore, however, may, so, while, in contrast, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 5.04856512141 238% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 46.0 30.3222958057 152% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1738.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 355.0 270.72406181 131% => OK
Chars per words: 4.89577464789 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.34067318298 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63039472201 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 193.0 145.348785872 133% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.543661971831 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 530.1 419.366225166 126% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 29.0 21.2450331126 137% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 66.3920908107 49.2860985944 135% => OK
Chars per sentence: 144.833333333 110.228320801 131% => OK
Words per sentence: 29.5833333333 21.698381199 136% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.75 7.06452816374 124% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.105668147892 0.272083759551 39% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0414769696834 0.0996497079465 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0369198700373 0.0662205650399 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0586546569739 0.162205337803 36% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0154648927141 0.0443174109184 35% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.4 13.3589403974 123% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.5 53.8541721854 94% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 11.0289183223 121% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.73 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.94 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.6 10.498013245 130% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.