Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage.
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The lecture and the reading are about the existence of bees 200 million years ago. the reading states that, bees were not available during that time and provides three main reasons ti support this theory. The lecturer casts doubt on what is presented in the text and refutes every of the reasons given on the text . She does not feel that bees were not present 200 million years ago.
First of all, the lecturer argues the first reason that fossil remains of actual bees are not present because bees could not be preserved at that time. A sticky liquid is secreted by trees to preserve the bees, but such trees were not originated earlier, instead they become common much later. It might happened that the bees had exhausted in the absence of these sticky liquids.
Secondly, with regard to the second reason, absence of flowering plants, the lecturer explains that when flowering plants were not present, bees might be feeding on non flowering plants such as ferns and pine trees. They might have adapted feeding on flowering plants later. Therefore the lecture argues the claim that bees could not exist in absence on flowering plants.
Finally, the lecturer objects the third reason - structures lack some details, She points out that chemical evidences support that these structures are made by earlier bees. Earlier bees had special water proofing substance to preserve the nest, so they might not require structures like to preserve their nests. This is in direct contradiction with the claim in the reading passage that the fossilized nests are made by another kind of insects.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-09-29 | kenneth7883 | 80 | view |
| 2018-06-22 | Happy_me | 80 | view |
- TPO-10 - Integrated Writing Task 80
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 84, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...xistence of bees 200 million years ago. the reading states that, bees were not avai...
^^^
Line 1, column 314, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...s every of the reasons given on the text . She does not feel that bees were not pr...
^^
Line 5, column 276, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...pted feeding on flowering plants later. Therefore the lecture argues the claim that bees...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 297, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ring plants later. Therefore the lecture argues the claim that bees could not exi...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, second, secondly, so, therefore, third, kind of, such as, first of all, with regard to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1326.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 266.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98496240602 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03850299372 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.23896765585 2.5805825403 87% => OK
Unique words: 142.0 145.348785872 98% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.533834586466 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 387.9 419.366225166 92% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.6509154851 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 102.0 110.228320801 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.4615384615 21.698381199 94% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.23076923077 7.06452816374 117% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.192048833406 0.272083759551 71% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.07670775963 0.0996497079465 77% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0668793076737 0.0662205650399 101% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.111493635164 0.162205337803 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0447459227903 0.0443174109184 101% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.83 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 54.0 63.6247240618 85% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.