Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific arguments presented in the reading passage.
Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
In the reading, the author discusses the three problems which are still difficult for scientists when they plan to send people on Mars. However, the speaker refutes these three problems that they have all been solved.
First, the astronauts could use the hydrating method to solve the problem of supplement. Although the article claims that the basic materials which supply human to live will be a problem in the long spacing traveling, the lecture points out that there has already existed the technology to make the astronauts can cultivate the raw materials of the food, and gain the water and new, fresh oxygen. This technology, the hydroponically, can grow plants by recycling wastewater and release clean water vapor and air.
Second, for a long time of work in the space, people can take some methods, like exercises, to prevent the muscle and bone density losing. According to the reading passage, the zero-gravity environment will make some negative effects on the human body in a long period of time. But the lecturer mentions that this losing is already proven that it can be avoided by a certain degree of exercise and taking some tonic. Therefore, it seems no more a question.
Lastly, astronauts could use a piece of specific, small equipment to protect them evading the hurt from radiation. In the content of the reading, avoiding the damage from the radiation is a problem to astronauts because, in the space, there is no magnetic field in the spaceship to filter the sunlight, and constructing a huge shield for it will be an unrealistic plan. Nevertheless, the speaker contends that to circumvent the radiation is no need to build a large shield for the spaceship. Radiation from the sun is not always so strong in the interplanetary. Astronauts only require a small, sturdy and light shield to hide in when every time the injurious radiation coming. Thus, they could simply be away from it.
- People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole. 58
- Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. 50
- A/D : The most important investment that can be made to the education of children aged four to seven is giving them a computer. 70
- Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. 50
- The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. 50
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 263, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...ive effects on the human body in a long period of time. But the lecturer mentions that this lo...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, lastly, nevertheless, second, so, still, therefore, thus
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1597.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 322.0 270.72406181 119% => OK
Chars per words: 4.95962732919 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.23607819155 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6952102709 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.55900621118 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 486.9 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 69.1624818011 49.2860985944 140% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.466666667 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4666666667 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.4 7.06452816374 76% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 10.0 4.45695364238 224% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0961220543766 0.272083759551 35% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0303539310871 0.0996497079465 30% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.037538136756 0.0662205650399 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0615405641658 0.162205337803 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0330742805637 0.0443174109184 75% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.7 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 82.0 63.6247240618 129% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.