The professor is skeptical towards the findings presented in the passage. He does not believe that there are any traces of organic tissue remnants of T. rex origin left in the fossil. He refutes this claim through the three following explanations.
To begin with, it is claimed in the passage that soft, flexible substances were found within the T. rex leg bone and that these substances may be remains of blood vessels. However, the professor suggests that bacteria are known to colonize within hollow channels (such as bones) after the death of an organism. These bacteria would also produce organic residues which may fool the original scientists as remains of blood vessels.
Secondly, though iron-filled spheres were found through microscopic examination, we cannot be certain that these spheres are indeed remains of red blood cells. The reason is that these same iron filled spheres were found in many organisms which lived in the same habitat, 70 million years ago. Many of these organisms are already known not to have any red blood cells, so it would seem unwise to attribute these spheres to red blood cells.
Finally, while the reading suggests that collagen were found in the T. Rex leg bone, we cannot be certain that these collagen are indeed of T. Rex origin. This is because, as mentioned by the professor, collagen decomposes within 100,000 years. It is unlikely that a fossil dated 70 million years ago would have any remnants of any original collagen. It seems more probably that these collagen may to credited to other sources such as the skins of the scientists themselves.
In conclusion, the professor doubts the possibility that the fossil contained any T. Rex tissue. Specifically, he believes that these so-called evidences are probably erroneous, originating from other sources such as bacteria, minerals or the scientists.
- The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition."-Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagr 79
- In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge 75
- The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper."In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend—the city-run public schools—comes from taxes that each city government c 90
- The following was written as a part of an application for a small-business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe."A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; t 80
- TOEFL T P O 24 Integrated Writing Task 3
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 112, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this collagen' or 'these collagens'?
Suggestion: this collagen; these collagens
...Rex leg bone, we cannot be certain that these collagen are indeed of T. Rex origin. This is be...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 380, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this collagen' or 'these collagens'?
Suggestion: this collagen; these collagens
...l collagen. It seems more probably that these collagen may to credited to other sources such a...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, while, in conclusion, such as, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1561.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 303.0 270.72406181 112% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15181518152 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17215713816 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.59690888938 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 151.0 145.348785872 104% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.498349834983 0.540411800872 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 475.2 419.366225166 113% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 10.0 3.25607064018 307% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 4.0 8.23620309051 49% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.8883434047 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 86.7222222222 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.8333333333 21.698381199 78% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.77777777778 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0 0.272083759551 0% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0 0.0996497079465 0% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0662205650399 0% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0 0.162205337803 0% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0443174109184 0% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.29 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.08 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 112, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this collagen' or 'these collagens'?
Suggestion: this collagen; these collagens
...Rex leg bone, we cannot be certain that these collagen are indeed of T. Rex origin. This is be...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 380, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this collagen' or 'these collagens'?
Suggestion: this collagen; these collagens
...l collagen. It seems more probably that these collagen may to credited to other sources such a...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, while, in conclusion, such as, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1561.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 303.0 270.72406181 112% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15181518152 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17215713816 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.59690888938 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 151.0 145.348785872 104% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.498349834983 0.540411800872 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 475.2 419.366225166 113% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 10.0 3.25607064018 307% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 4.0 8.23620309051 49% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.8883434047 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 86.7222222222 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.8333333333 21.698381199 78% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.77777777778 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0 0.272083759551 0% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0 0.0996497079465 0% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0662205650399 0% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0 0.162205337803 0% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0443174109184 0% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.29 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.08 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.