TPO-4: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage.
Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The passage claims that there is considerable evidence proving that dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the lecturer holds different views against the passage.
The first evidence cited by the passage is the fact that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. As only endotherms can maintain a temperature well above the surrounding environment, so it is assumed that dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the lecturer points out that the discovery of the dinosaur fossils does not necessarily mean that dinosaurs were active in the polar area, it could be possible that they hibernate during winter or they migrate to warmer area in the winter. Also, the polar area was not as cold as it is today, it could be warm enough for dinosaurs to live thousands of years ago.
The second evidence mentioned in the passage is the leg position and movement of the dinosaur. Yet it is true that dinosaurs had legs underneath their body, same as the modern endotherms, the lecturer argues that this could be because the dinosaurs were so bit that they needed those legs to support more weight, instead of needing those legs to allow sustained physical activity.
The third evidence used in the passage is the presence of Harversian canals in the dinosaur’s bone. As the bones of endotherms usually contain Harversian, it is assumed that Dinosaurs were endotherm. The lecturer does acknowledge the presence of Harversian canals in the dinosaur’s bone. However, the growth ring in the Dinosaur's bone also indicates periods of both rapid growth and slow growth, which is similar to the non-endotherm animals.
All in all, the lecturer does not agree with the passage with the reasons stated above.
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, second, so, third, well, it is true
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1442.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 278.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.18705035971 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08329915638 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76270233584 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 145.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.521582733813 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 451.8 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 62.5157968203 49.2860985944 127% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.923076923 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3846153846 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.69230769231 7.06452816374 66% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0716943752991 0.272083759551 26% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0259920563501 0.0996497079465 26% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0274404264017 0.0662205650399 41% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0352795722051 0.162205337803 22% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0269519627176 0.0443174109184 61% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.82 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.65 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.