The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet for most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology,dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts,was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.
First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain's population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites.Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed.
Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research was inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.
Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.
Both the reading and listening materials discuss the British science of archaeology. The reading, to be more specific, claims that this profession is facing multiple drawbacks in Britain. On the contrary, the professor holds a different idea and states that archaeology science has been exposed to more advantages then ever before.
The reading begins by reasoning that the loss of various valuable artifacts due to contruction projects is one of the obstacle that this profession is facing. This is challenged by the lecturer, who feels strong that contructions projects do not interfere with the many aritifacts found. He further explains that all contruction sites have to be examined by archaeologist beforehand, thus the findings are either preserved or carefully documented.
The reading then points out that the inadequate financial supports from the goverment also affect the developmemt of archaeology. The professor, in contrast, asserts that all the researchs and examination are paid by the contruction company. He supports this idea by mentioning an increase in the number of artifacts found.
The reading finishes by arguing that it is difficult to pursue the archaelogy profession. The lecturer runs against this idea stating the numerous related jobs that have been available in the recent years. Indeed, many small aspects of archaeology have developed in to different jobs, making it easier for people to pursue a professional career.
- A little over 2,200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a "burning mirror": a polished copper surface curved to focus the 80
- In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The 80
- Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a 80
- Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-millio 86
- In the United States it had been common practice since the late 1960s no to suppress natural forest fires The let it burn policy assumed that forest fire would burn themselves out quickly without causing much damage However in the summer of 1988 forest fi 48
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 315, Rule ID: LESS_MORE_THEN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'than'?
Suggestion: than
...nce has been exposed to more advantages then ever before. The reading begins by r...
^^^^
Line 3, column 76, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...t the loss of various valuable artifacts due to contruction projects is one of th...
^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'if', 'so', 'then', 'thus', 'in contrast', 'on the contrary']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.235772357724 0.261695866417 90% => OK
Verbs: 0.191056910569 0.158904122519 120% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0894308943089 0.0723426182421 124% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0487804878049 0.0435111971325 112% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0162601626016 0.0277247811725 59% => OK
Prepositions: 0.126016260163 0.128828473217 98% => OK
Participles: 0.0691056910569 0.0370669169778 186% => Less participles wanted.
Conjunctions: 2.96764444977 2.5805825403 115% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0284552845528 0.0208969081088 136% => OK
Particles: 0.00406504065041 0.00154638098197 263% => OK
Determiners: 0.142276422764 0.128158765124 111% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0 0.0158828679856 0% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.00813008130081 0.0114777025283 71% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1459.0 1645.83664459 89% => OK
No of words: 225.0 271.125827815 83% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 6.48444444444 6.08160592843 107% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.87298334621 4.04852973271 96% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.453333333333 0.374372842146 121% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.373333333333 0.287516216867 130% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.28 0.187439937562 149% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.204444444444 0.113142543107 181% => Too many words length more than 8 chars.
Word Length SD: 2.96764444977 2.5805825403 115% => OK
Unique words: 134.0 145.348785872 92% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.595555555556 0.539623497131 110% => OK
Word variations: 59.2679559908 53.8517498576 110% => OK
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0529801325 92% => OK
Sentence length: 18.75 21.7502111507 86% => OK
Sentence length SD: 26.2756488449 49.3711431718 53% => OK
Chars per sentence: 121.583333333 132.220823453 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.75 21.7502111507 86% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.583333333333 0.878197800319 66% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 3.39072847682 59% => OK
Readability: 56.0833333333 50.5018328374 111% => OK
Elegance: 1.68253968254 1.90840788429 88% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.361532822719 0.549887131256 66% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.103299377737 0.142949733639 72% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.0468310132001 0.0787303798458 59% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.62908235376 0.631733273073 100% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.0783783683307 0.139662658121 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.181402686259 0.266732575781 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0664716458426 0.103435571967 64% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.399595754437 0.414875509568 96% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0443434927217 0.0530846634433 84% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.270354122638 0.40443939384 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0460734562699 0.0528353158467 87% => OK
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.26048565121 94% => OK
Positive topic words: 4.0 3.49668874172 114% => OK
Negative topic words: 3.0 3.62251655629 83% => OK
Neutral topic words: 3.0 3.1766004415 94% => OK
Total topic words: 10.0 10.2958057395 97% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.