A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
the reading explains that for some reason the pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones of sinosauropteryx are not the strong evidence to point out that that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challanges this view for some reason.
the speaker says that there are not any like sign in other animals. this acknowledge contradicts the reading asseration that this sign are not functional and they may be created after death of dinosaur and by volcano effects.
the lecturer also refutes the reading claim that if this sign be important, they must be frills instead of feather. furethermore she says that there are some chemical defrences between frills and feathers and this chemical feature is "cariton",that is very lot in frill an not common in feathe,and at in the fossils there are very low cariton so they must be feather .
finally the speaker is not convienced that the palce of this sign was back bone and tail of the fossil so they must were not for fly or body tempeture so they were not feather, and she claims that like some other animals there were for dispaling purpos and it is very comon that they was feather.
at the end speaker claims that this evidence are strongly proof of the feather in that period of time .
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-28 | Salehi | 3 | view |
| 2019-12-27 | Bonjourkmm | 88 | view |
| 2019-12-17 | shrijan | 3 | view |
| 2019-11-05 | Seema Modak | 71 | view |
| 2019-11-04 | alta | 80 | view |
- Burning coal in power plants produces a waste product called coal ash, a material that contains small amounts of potentially harmful chemicals Environmentalists in the United States are concerned about the damage such harmful chemicals may be doing to the 73
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called t 65
- A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became ex 76
- Essay topics: TPO-43 - Integrated Writing TaskAgnostids were a group of marine animals that became extinct about 450 million years ago. Agnostid fossils can be found in rocks in many areas around the world. From the fossil remains, we know that agnostids 73
- Essay topics: TPO-48 - Integrated Writing TaskIn recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for th 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the reading explains that for some reason t...
^^^
Line 1, column 191, Rule ID: HAD_VBP[1]
Message: Possible agreement error -- use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
...oint out that that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challanges this vi...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 191, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
...oint out that that kind of dinosaur had feather, whereas the lecture challanges this vi...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...hallanges this view for some reason. the speaker says that there are not any lik...
^^^
Line 3, column 69, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...are not any like sign in other animals. this acknowledge contradicts the reading ass...
^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... of dinosaur and by volcano effects. the lecturer also refutes the reading claim...
^^^
Line 5, column 117, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Furethermore
...they must be frills instead of feather. furethermore she says that there are some chemical d...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 254, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , that
... chemical feature is 'cariton',that is very lot in frill an not common in f...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 281, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...cariton',that is very lot in frill an not common in feathe,and at in the fos...
^^
Line 5, column 304, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , and
...ery lot in frill an not common in feathe,and at in the fossils there are very low c...
^^^^
Line 5, column 311, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... in frill an not common in feathe,and at in the fossils there are very low carito...
^^
Line 5, column 378, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...very low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced ...
^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Finally
... low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced that the ...
^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: finally,
... low cariton so they must be feather . finally the speaker is not convienced that the ...
^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 89, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...alce of this sign was back bone and tail of the fossil so they must were not for ...
^^
Line 6, column 170, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'feathered'.
Suggestion: feathered
... fly or body tempeture so they were not feather, and she claims that like some other an...
^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: At
...is very comon that they was feather. at the end speaker claims that this eviden...
^^
Line 8, column 58, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...r claims that this evidence are strongly proof of the feather in that period of t...
^^
Line 8, column 89, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
... strongly proof of the feather in that period of time .
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 103, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...of of the feather in that period of time .
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, if, may, so, whereas, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 23.0 30.3222958057 76% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1056.0 1373.03311258 77% => OK
No of words: 219.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.82191780822 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.84690116678 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72165833462 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 111.0 145.348785872 76% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.506849315068 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 322.2 419.366225166 77% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 31.0 21.2450331126 146% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 84.2215251947 49.2860985944 171% => OK
Chars per sentence: 150.857142857 110.228320801 137% => OK
Words per sentence: 31.2857142857 21.698381199 144% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.28571428571 7.06452816374 89% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 20.0 4.19205298013 477% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.101399504578 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0442502854007 0.0996497079465 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0582022345418 0.0662205650399 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0588453082507 0.162205337803 36% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0616948496895 0.0443174109184 139% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.9 13.3589403974 127% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.47 53.8541721854 90% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 11.0289183223 129% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.27 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.42 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 45.0 63.6247240618 71% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.4 10.498013245 137% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.