Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures
constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no
matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern
reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However,
dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that
dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been
discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the
surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The
physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as
they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the
body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms
usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels
that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of
endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an
endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage and lecture have a conflicting opinion about whether dinosaurs were endotherm which means that some animal regulates their inner temperature constantly without any dependence on their surroundings or not. The article strongly postulates that there is a significant amount of valuable proofs that dinosaurs were endotherm. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delineates that dinosaurs are ancestors of modern reptiles which directly rely on their environment because of several compelling reasons.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt that dinosaurs' relics were found in Polar Region where is highly severe temperature so it means that a lot of animals survive through regulating their temperature steadily. The professor offsets these points by declaring that earlier weather of this area was quite warmer than today also maybe those animals which lived in there migrated to other warmer countries or hibernate during the cold winter.
On top of this, the professor in the listening elaborates by bringing up the point that the unique structure of those legs may demonstrate that the legs bore tons of weight and it balanced their body regularly. Hence, there is no attachment between the legs position and endothermy. these claims refute the writer's implications about limbs position was beneficial to running also it sustained their physical activities effectively which was completely different from the reptiles such as crocodiles and lizards.
The text lastly insists that dinosaurs' bones contain Haversian canals which allow growing instantly for mammals, in fact, a significant feature of endotherm animals. The speaker in the lecture counters these indications by asserting that there was also germination rings in the bones of dinosaurs which explains that in the cooler time the dinosaurs had periods were slowly growth or none compared to the result of the rapid growth of a warmer climate in their life.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2019-12-05 | mbabar | 88 | view |
| 2019-10-30 | rohanrajeev07 | 73 | view |
| 2019-04-25 | Dharapatel23 | 70 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 254, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'legs'' or 'leg's'?
Suggestion: legs'; leg's
...nce, there is no attachment between the legs position and endothermy. these claims r...
^^^^
Line 5, column 284, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: These
...tween the legs position and endothermy. these claims refute the writers implications ...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, hence, if, lastly, may, so, in fact, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1670.0 1373.03311258 122% => OK
No of words: 305.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 5.47540983607 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17902490978 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7202960776 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.590163934426 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 522.9 419.366225166 125% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 61.8159364565 49.2860985944 125% => OK
Chars per sentence: 167.0 110.228320801 152% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.6 7.06452816374 108% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.226383203256 0.272083759551 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0852113022691 0.0996497079465 86% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0563626337992 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.130378883935 0.162205337803 80% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0765061022137 0.0443174109184 173% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 19.6 13.3589403974 147% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 32.57 53.8541721854 60% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.2 11.0289183223 147% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 15.1 12.2367328918 123% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.99 8.42419426049 119% => OK
difficult_words: 94.0 63.6247240618 148% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.5 10.7273730684 135% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.2008830022 134% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 88.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.