In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The “Voynich manuscript,” as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book’s content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript.
One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham’s book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550.
According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth-century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text.
Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich’s plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
Both the reading and the lecture are related to the mysterious origin of the Voiynich manuscript, which is written in a completely unknown script. While the reading proposes three possible creators of the book, the lecturer, on the other hand, thinks none of the people mentioned is the real author.
Firstly, one of the theory suggests that it may be created by Anthony Ascham, since the plant illustrations in the book look like the ones in Ascham's medical books. However, the lecturer refuses it. He contends that who had written Voiynich manuscript must have consider the content of it so significant that he had to code it. However, based on the knowledge of Anthony Ascham, who used to present no ordinary content, the lecturer claims that he would not have the knowledge to be the writer of Voiynich manuscript.
Next, another theory claims that the manuscript is only a fake and its text has no real meaning, that was written by Edward Kelley. Kelley has known for creating fake book to sell to the noble, in which the texts bear no meaning at all. In the contrary, the lecturer does not believe this theory. He contends that, for a deceiver like Kelly, he would not put so much effort into creating an elaborate book to earn money. It is of no necessity to do that. Thus, it is possible for Kelly to be the author of the manuscript.
Finally, the lecture directly rules out the last writer proposed in the reading. It is claimed that Wilfrid M. Voiynich himself would have created this fake, then he could sell it if it is attractive enough. Yet, if dating back, the fact is that the volume and the ink are both from 400 years ago. In the result, it is impossible that this book is a modern fake.
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| 2023-07-20 | Zmx_109 | 80 | view |
| 2023-02-13 | zaid | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 263, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'considered'.
Suggestion: considered
...d written Voiynich manuscript must have consider the content of it so significant that h...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, firstly, however, if, look, may, so, then, thus, while, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1409.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 306.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 4.6045751634 5.08290768461 91% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.18244613648 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41265238637 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.529411764706 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 425.7 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 47.1571032565 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 82.8823529412 110.228320801 75% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.0 21.698381199 83% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.23529411765 7.06452816374 74% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.126328489576 0.272083759551 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.040698834242 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0366795051322 0.0662205650399 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.073637178131 0.162205337803 45% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0339422764867 0.0443174109184 77% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.2 13.3589403974 69% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 70.13 53.8541721854 130% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.9 11.0289183223 72% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 9.1 12.2367328918 74% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.99 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.