Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
The speaker and the writer hold divergent ideas about the cause of quackers. In order to debate three theories made in the passage, the professor in the lecture proposes some evidence and examples which will be explained in the following essay.
First of all, according to the writer, the odd sounds were the calls of male and female orca whales for courtship. However, the lecturer disagrees with this idea and deems it is high unlikely. This is because orca whales were living in the surface of the general ocean where the submarines only moved in the deep water. Therefore, it was impossible for the submarines detected the orca's sound due to distance. Plus, the sonar could also detect the whales if they were nearby. All of these reasons could evidence what the authors writes is implusible.
Second, the passage says that the sound as made by gaint squids which have soft bodies. In order to refute this idea, the professor in the lecture claims that the odd sound was firstly reported in 1960s and disappeared in 1980s. However, the giant squids have still continued to live in the ocean until today. Indeed, if the sound was made by the gaint squids, there is no reason the sound suddenly appeared and then suddenly stopped twenty years later.
Finally, opposing the third view made in the passage that the sound were from some military technology which was secretly used in the marine, the lecturer argues that this opinion does not hold up since the source of quackers moved around and changed the direction quickly. Besides, the engine of submarines usually made some noises which was not accompanied in the quakers. At that time, it was impossible to build such military technology which would move quickly and silently at the same time.
In sum, according to the aforementioned reasons, the speaker totally disagrees with what the author writes in the passage.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-06-09 | Zmx_6 | 80 | view |
| 2023-06-09 | Zmx_6 | 83 | view |
| 2023-06-09 | Zmx_6 | 83 | view |
| 2022-12-25 | nikki07hung | 3 | view |
| 2022-12-25 | nikki07hung | 61 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 195, Rule ID: IN_1990s[1]
Message: The article is probably missing here: 'in the 1960s'.
Suggestion: in the 1960s
...that the odd sound was firstly reported in 1960s and disappeared in 1980s. However, the ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 220, Rule ID: IN_1990s[1]
Message: The article is probably missing here: 'in the 1980s'.
Suggestion: in the 1980s
...rstly reported in 1960s and disappeared in 1980s. However, the giant squids have still c...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, firstly, however, if, second, so, still, then, therefore, third, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1570.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 318.0 270.72406181 117% => OK
Chars per words: 4.93710691824 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22286093782 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.34149009126 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.537735849057 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 486.9 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.5780634454 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.125 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.875 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.75 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.120493431667 0.272083759551 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0408623443745 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0343819929515 0.0662205650399 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.052144496215 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0464750518057 0.0443174109184 105% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.37 12.2367328918 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.2 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 195, Rule ID: IN_1990s[1]
Message: The article is probably missing here: 'in the 1960s'.
Suggestion: in the 1960s
...that the odd sound was firstly reported in 1960s and disappeared in 1980s. However, the ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 220, Rule ID: IN_1990s[1]
Message: The article is probably missing here: 'in the 1980s'.
Suggestion: in the 1980s
...rstly reported in 1960s and disappeared in 1980s. However, the giant squids have still c...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, firstly, however, if, second, so, still, then, therefore, third, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1570.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 318.0 270.72406181 117% => OK
Chars per words: 4.93710691824 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22286093782 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.34149009126 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 171.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.537735849057 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 486.9 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.5780634454 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.125 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.875 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.75 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.120493431667 0.272083759551 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0408623443745 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0343819929515 0.0662205650399 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.052144496215 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0464750518057 0.0443174109184 105% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.37 12.2367328918 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.2 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.