Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage.
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
Points made in the lecture contends contrarily to the reading that bees might actually be existent 200 million years ago. The lecturer provided explanations to counter each of the three reasons why critics in the passage doubt the existence of bees at that time.
First, the lecturer suggested that no fossil of actual bees around 200 million years ago does not directly translate to the absence of bees during that period. During that time, she explained, the common means of bees fossilization, certain type of resin from trees, may not be present. Therefore, bees could have still existed 200 million years ago. There just happen to be no "container" to hold the bees for us to discover until much later.
After refuting the first point in the reading, the professor explained that bees survival might not depend solely on flowering plants. Before the advent of flowering plants, bees might have been feeding off other types to food sources, such as ferns and pines. This invalidates the claim in the passage that bees could not exist 200 million years ago because there were no flowering plants in the period.
Finally, a last piece of evidence supporting the existence of bees 200 million years ago was provided in the lecture. Chemical analysis of the fossilized structures found in Arizona indicated that these ancient structures contain waterproofing material analogous to those of their modern bee hive counterparts. This nullifies the doubt cast by the passage dictating that these structures did not belong to bees.
Points made in the passage explains that bees' existence 200 million years ago is plausible. The lecture explained how it was possible for bees to be present at that time without being fossilized and without food support from flowering plants. It also mentions how the fossilized structures found in Arizona may actually be made by bees according to the chemical formulation. These information put the conclusion drawn in the reading in doubt.
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| 2018-09-29 | kenneth7883 | 80 | view |
| 2018-06-22 | Happy_me | 80 | view |
- Toefl Integrated 3
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 77, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...e reading, the professor explained that bees survival might not depend solely on flo...
^^^^
Line 9, column 42, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...oints made in the passage explains that bees existence 200 million years ago is plau...
^^^^
Line 9, column 376, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this information' or 'These informations'?
Suggestion: This information; These informations
... according to the chemical formulation. These information put the conclusion drawn in the reading...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, finally, first, if, may, so, still, therefore, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 49.0 30.3222958057 162% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1670.0 1373.03311258 122% => OK
No of words: 323.0 270.72406181 119% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17027863777 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.23936324884 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.71236762766 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 166.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513931888545 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 498.6 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 32.0545799185 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.375 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.1875 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.375 7.06452816374 62% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.340736657727 0.272083759551 125% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.133421309225 0.0996497079465 134% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.11399719326 0.0662205650399 172% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.208233430387 0.162205337803 128% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0642107801879 0.0443174109184 145% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.0 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.25 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.