At the end of the Triassic period 200 million years ago, there was a mass-extinction event that caused the extinction of more than half of all living species. It was this extinction event that allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species for the next 145 million years. We do not know exactly what happened that eliminated so many species in a relatively short period of time, but there are several possible explanations.One theory involves the decline of sea levels. Near the end of the Triassic period, sea levels were fluctuating. When sea levels fall, the habitats for ocean populations that live in the shallows and land species that live on the coast are destroyed. The destruction of coastal and shallow-ocean species would have had a profound effect on food chains worldwide, leading to mass extinctions.Another theory involves massive climate cooling. The end of the Triassic period was marked by widespread volcanic activity. The volcanoes released large amounts of sulfur dioxide (S02). A rise in atmospheric S02 is known to cause a lowering in global temperatures. Such climate change could have devastated many species and led to the extinctions.The third theory involves an asteroid strike. Asteroids (objects from outer space) occasionally collide with Earth. When an asteroid hits Earth’s surface, it often displaces large amounts of soil and crushed rock, leaving behind a depression, or crater. The displaced debris is thrown up into the atmosphere where it can block out sunlight for many months or even a few years. A sufficiently massive asteroid impact at the end of the Triassic period may have blocked sunlight long enough for most plants to die and many animal species to then starve.
The passage explains about possible mass extinction reasons at the end of Triassic period, which allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species. He listed three facts that may have caused this extinction. However, the speaker exclaims that although these reasons maybe possible, bot none of them are a good explanation.
First, the writer proposes decline in sea levels as a reason for extinction. However, the professor points out that although sea level flactuation happened in this period, but habitats are able to adobt to these changes over time and this can't cause distinction. He elaborates that although sudden changes of sea levels may cause massive change in habitats, but this particular change has happened in coarse of a million years and the ocean habitats had enough time to adoubt to this change. The writer’s first argument is refuted.
Second, the passage hypotesizes that massive climate cooling may have caused this extinction. To render this disproof, the lecturer reveals that the mentioned volcanic activities could not have caused massive cooling. He elaborates that SO2 is usually cleand out of atmosphere and fall down as rain and so could to lead to extinction. The second idea in the passage is also retorted.
Third, the essay says that asteroids' strike could be the cause. Nevertheless, the speaker rebuts this idea. He explains that no asteroid crater related to that time is found. He explains that the only asteroid crater found is related to 20 million years before the extinction and so this can't be the reason. This overturns the writer’s concept.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-05-31 | toefl 2019 | 68 | view |
| 2019-05-30 | toefl 2019 | 60 | view |
| 2018-11-22 | anoynimus | 83 | view |
| 2019-05-23 | vahidvh | 68 | view |
| 2019-05-30 | toefl 2019 | 73 | view |
- Imagine that you are in a classroom or a meeting. The teacher or the meeting leader says something incorrect In your opinion, which of the following is the best thing to do?-Interrupt and correct the mistake right away 73
- TPO 47 61
- Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible. First, atmospheric 73
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teachers were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they are nowadays.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 65
- TPO 47 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 239, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...obt to these changes over time and this cant cause distinction. He elaborates that a...
^^^^
Line 4, column 289, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...years before the extinction and so this cant be the reason. This overturns the write...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, so, third
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1341.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 258.0 270.72406181 95% => OK
Chars per words: 5.1976744186 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00778971557 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64512947382 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 140.0 145.348785872 96% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.542635658915 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 407.7 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 53.0906874485 49.2860985944 108% => OK
Chars per sentence: 83.8125 110.228320801 76% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.125 21.698381199 74% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.9375 7.06452816374 56% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 12.0 4.27373068433 281% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.174905136216 0.272083759551 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0546450236307 0.0996497079465 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0828082909845 0.0662205650399 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.111395705836 0.162205337803 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0724240901708 0.0443174109184 163% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.1 13.3589403974 83% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.58 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.29 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.