Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants.
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles
The reading passage and lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not bees would have existed before 200 million years. The article strongly postulates that there are remains of bees nest found inside tree fossils. although the skeptics cast doubt about the origin of the nest structure. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that there is possibility that the structure found inside the fossilized trees would have made by bees owing to the fact that none of the three arguments are convincing.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, the first fossil belongs for a body of the bee is 100 million years old. Therefore, there are no remains of bees would have preserved before that. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by declaring that the kind of trees that would have preserved the body of bee didn't exist at that time. Furthermore, this kind of trees that produce a special resin to preserve the bee was very scarce at that time. which means the bees might have existed 200 million years ago.
On top of this, the speaker in lecture further points out that it's really possible that could have fed on nonflowering plants, for instance, urine and pine trees. Moreover, the bees may have adapted to feed on flowering plants when they existed. These claims refute the writer implications of how bees wouldn't have existed without flowering plants 200 million years ago.
The article lastly asserts that the nest structure that has been found in Arizona looks like the nest structure of bees in present days. However, fossilized nest lacks comprehensive details, such as caps that have a spiral shape. The speaker in lecture counters these points by insisting that there is a clue that has been found in structure fossils, which is the nest have a chemical substance that would make it waterproof. Plus, modern bees nests have the same kind of waterproof.
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- A little over 2200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a “burning mirror”: a polished copper surface curved to focus t 66
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 65, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not bees would have existed before 200 mill...
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Line 1, column 225, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Although
...of bees nest found inside tree fossils. although the skeptics cast doubt about the origi...
^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 225, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “although” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...of bees nest found inside tree fossils. although the skeptics cast doubt about the origi...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 332, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...at would have preserved the body of bee didnt exist at that time. Furthermore, this k...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 469, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Which
...e the bee was very scarce at that time. which means the bees might have existed 200 m...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 469, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “which” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...e the bee was very scarce at that time. which means the bees might have existed 200 m...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 303, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wouldn't
...ute the writer implications of how bees wouldnt have existed without flowering plants 2...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, furthermore, however, lastly, look, may, moreover, nonetheless, really, therefore, for instance, kind of, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 21.0 12.0772626932 174% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1599.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 321.0 270.72406181 119% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98130841121 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.23278547379 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4089357884 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 145.348785872 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.507788161994 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 474.3 419.366225166 113% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.0351428259 49.2860985944 93% => OK
Chars per sentence: 99.9375 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.0625 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.6875 7.06452816374 123% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.389146732702 0.272083759551 143% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.133176108656 0.0996497079465 134% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0877402547195 0.0662205650399 132% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.232119162009 0.162205337803 143% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0559072318386 0.0443174109184 126% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.78 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.