Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses to explain this decline.
One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insect parasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attack cedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instances of sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so this insect is a good candidate for the cause of the tree’s decline.
A second hypothesis attributes the decline to brown bears. Bears sometimes claw at the cedars in order to eat the tree bark, which has a high sugar content. In fact, the cedar bark can contain as much sugar as the wild berries that are a staple of the bears’ diet. Although the bears’ clawing is unlikely to destroy trees by itself, their aggressive feeding habits may critically weaken enough trees to be responsible for the decline.
The third hypothesis states that gradual changes of climate may be to blame. Over the last hundred years, the patterns of seasonal as well as day-to-day temperatures have changed in northwestern North America. These changes have affected the root systems of the yellow cedar trees: the fine surface roots now start growing in the late winter rather than in the early spring. The change in the timing of root growth may have significant consequences. Growing roots are sensitive and are therefore likely to suffer damage from partial freezing on cold winter nights. This frozen root damage may be capable of undermining the health of the whole tree, eventually killing it.
the reading states three hypothesis for declination of cedar population and provides three reasons of support.The lecturer is challenged each of the author hypothesis and refutes each of the author's claim.
First hypothesis states that yellow ceder declinetion would have caused by bettle attack.
Additionally, arguer sates that bettle larve like to eat cedar barks so, this species are one of
the major responsible for ceder declination. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. He says that healthy ceder have a enough ability to protect themselves form bettle attack becasue they
have chemical coating to resistant beetle. Moreover, the author states that beetle likely to attack unhealthy damage trees. thus it is unlikely to suffer healthy cedar by beetle and population declination.
Second hypothesis attributes that another possible reasons of cedar declination by the brown bears.
the article said that cadars bark contain as much sugar and then bears are like to diet cadare's bark as much. As a result their aggressive feeding indirectly weaken the cedar and responsible for dieing.
The lecturer, however, rebuts this claim that no overall declination have been caused by bear .
He elaborate on this point by bringing up the point that cedar declination not only occured only
main land also had iland but there have no beear population. since declination occurs with or without
beers population hence, it does not meant that overall declination are reason for beers.
Final hypothesis posits that climate change might have caused declination. in the article
it is says that climate change have affected the root systems of the yellow cedar and also damage from partial frezing on coold winter night and then this damage is considered the killing of cedar. In contrast,the lecturer's position is that this climate cooling effects only occured in the higer allevation but not only cedare damage their, also damage in the lower allevation where temperature are warm.
so, climate does not effects cedare population.
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- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called 61
- Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses to explain this decline.One hypothesis 80
Grammar and spelling errors:
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the reading states three hypothesis for dec...
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Suggestion: hypotheses; hypothesises
the reading states three hypothesis for declination of cedar population and...
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...n and provides three reasons of support.The lecturer is challenged each of the auth...
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... cedar barks so, this species are one of the major responsible for ceder declinat...
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...ar barks so, this species are one of the major responsible for ceder declination...
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...cturer. He says that healthy ceder have a enough ability to protect themselves fo...
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...elves form bettle attack becasue they have chemical coating to resistant beetle. M...
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...ikely to attack unhealthy damage trees. thus it is unlikely to suffer healthy cedar ...
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...ikely to attack unhealthy damage trees. thus it is unlikely to suffer healthy cedar ...
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...cedar declination by the brown bears. the article said that cadars bark contain a...
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...all declination have been caused by bear . He elaborate on this point by bringin...
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...dar declination not only occured only main land also had iland but there have no b...
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...and but there have no beear population. since declination occurs with or without b...
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...since declination occurs with or without beers population hence, it does not mean...
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...e declination occurs with or without beers population hence, it does not meant tha...
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... beers population hence, it does not meant that overall declination are reason for...
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...e change might have caused declination. in the article it is says that climate ...
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... have caused declination. in the article it is says that climate change have affe...
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...e caused declination. in the article it is says that climate change have affect...
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...idered the killing of cedar. In contrast,the lecturers position is that this climate...
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...llevation where temperature are warm. so, climate does not effects cedare popula...
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...rature are warm. so, climate does not effects cedare population.
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, hence, however, if, moreover, second, so, then, thus, in contrast, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 19.0 5.01324503311 379% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1756.0 1373.03311258 128% => OK
No of words: 322.0 270.72406181 119% => OK
Chars per words: 5.45341614907 5.08290768461 107% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.23607819155 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61232071849 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 172.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.534161490683 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 544.5 419.366225166 130% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 51.216414432 49.2860985944 104% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.294117647 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.9411764706 21.698381199 87% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.64705882353 7.06452816374 80% => OK
Paragraphs: 14.0 4.09492273731 342% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 22.0 4.19205298013 525% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.234288131099 0.272083759551 86% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.077205325592 0.0996497079465 77% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0415099029317 0.0662205650399 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0872459123429 0.162205337803 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.028501898886 0.0443174109184 64% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 44.75 53.8541721854 83% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.33 12.2367328918 117% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.31 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 10.7273730684 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.