In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The “Voynich manuscript,” as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book’s content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript.
One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham’s book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550.
According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth-century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text.
Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich’s plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
The reading states that Voynich manuscript Vellum wasoriginated by him and provides three reasons of support. The lecturer challenges the claims made by the author. He explains that none of these theories are convincing and refutes each of the author's claims.
First of all ,the article argues that the manuscript would be made by the Voyanich because this is composed of some genuine scientific and magical subjects with a comples secret code. additionally, since Voyaich manuscript illustrations similar with Anthony Ascham's plant illustration, thus This manscript origiated by Voyanich. this specific argument is challenged by the lecturer, He says that Voyanich was a ordinary man. he is concentrated about little herbon and most imprtantly plant, Though, it does not mean that he has hold some secrate code and did his work genuinely.
Secondly, the article states that Voyanich manuscript has no real meaning, that's why it is fake .
Furthermore, in the article states that he made this book completely random order of alphabet loos like a magical book and sell this to a wealthy noble but there is no actual meaning. The lecturer, however, rebuts this claim that although it was made as fake magical book for wealthy sell but it does not mean that it ie real because he just collect this from other book and sum up this for wealthy sell.
Finally, the article posits that for receive attractive offer, Voyanich had plan to sell the fake asa misterious old book because he have a enough knowledge the old manuscript look. In contrast,
the lecturer's position is that the material of manuscript does not hold any originality because it is actually 400 years older but the Voynich manuscript's material is not to the older than original. thus, this are not voynich's manuscript.
- A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature—novels, plays, and poems—than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for 73
- In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view. 73
- In 1995 a microscopic fungus called Phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rap 3
- Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.First, atmospheric 81
- The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea ot 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 13, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...of the authors claims. First of all ,the article argues that the manuscript w...
^^
Line 5, column 185, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Additionally
...al subjects with a comples secret code. additionally, since Voyaich manuscript illustrations...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 330, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...s This manscript origiated by Voyanich. this specific argument is challenged by the ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 410, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...the lecturer, He says that Voyanich was a ordinary man. he is concentrated about ...
^
Line 5, column 426, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
... says that Voyanich was a ordinary man. he is concentrated about little herbon and...
^^
Line 9, column 76, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: that's
...oyanich manuscript has no real meaning, thats why it is fake . Furthermore, in the ...
^^^^^
Line 9, column 96, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...as no real meaning, thats why it is fake . Furthermore, in the article states th...
^^
Line 15, column 134, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'has'.
Suggestion: has
...fake asa misterious old book because he have a enough knowledge the old manuscript l...
^^^^
Line 15, column 139, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...asa misterious old book because he have a enough knowledge the old manuscript loo...
^
Line 17, column 200, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Thus
...rial is not to the older than original. thus, this are not voynichs manuscript.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, look, second, secondly, so, thus, in contrast, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1505.0 1373.03311258 110% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.11904761905 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.69203342343 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.557823129252 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 450.9 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.5741906991 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 115.769230769 110.228320801 105% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.6153846154 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.92307692308 7.06452816374 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 6.0 4.09492273731 147% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 10.0 4.19205298013 239% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.163676492763 0.272083759551 60% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0702044741852 0.0996497079465 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.067304313924 0.0662205650399 102% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0942592803179 0.162205337803 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0562756051861 0.0443174109184 127% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 13.3589403974 105% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.81 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.