Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Boh reading passage and lecture discuss whether dinosaurs are endotherms or not. The former argues that the three pieces of evidence supports that it is endotherms like humans, but the latter contradicts each of these three points.
First of all, the author of the passage claims that dinosaurs are endotherms as it's fossils records are found in Polar Regions and endotherms species can able to maintain its body temperature in that cold region. However, the lecture contends that dinosaurs were preferred to live in the warmer places, and its fossils suggested that this place was hot as the present climate. It migrated to other areas when this region turned into cold as like other reptiles.
Secondly, the text asserts that the leg position of the dinosaurs like it is underneath the body and is the same as endotherm species, and it helps the species to run rapidly. In contrast, the listening counters that the dinosaurs' legs were under the body due to support it's overweight. Dinosaurs were large animals, and their legs were not for running purposes.
In third, the reading article states that the bone structure of dinosaurs proves that it contains thick Haversian canals, and this allows endotherm species to grow faster. On the other hand, the lecture mentions that thick growth rings of the bone allowed dinosaurs to grow in hot temperatures. In the cold climate, the growth of dinosaurs retards. Therefore, it is clear that it is not like endotherms as it can grow in both warmer and cold weather because of its ability to maintain internal constant body temperature.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
| 2023-06-14 | YasamanEsml | 90 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, second, secondly, therefore, third, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1326.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 264.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.02272727273 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03089032464 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53151622159 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 132.0 145.348785872 91% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 399.6 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.9852407864 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.5 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.0 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.41666666667 7.06452816374 119% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.252868082392 0.272083759551 93% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0951435133796 0.0996497079465 95% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0585693453778 0.0662205650399 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.145852262518 0.162205337803 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.021775523703 0.0443174109184 49% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.84 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.79 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, second, secondly, therefore, third, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1326.0 1373.03311258 97% => OK
No of words: 264.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.02272727273 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03089032464 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53151622159 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 132.0 145.348785872 91% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 399.6 419.366225166 95% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.9852407864 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.5 110.228320801 100% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.0 21.698381199 101% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.41666666667 7.06452816374 119% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.252868082392 0.272083759551 93% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0951435133796 0.0996497079465 95% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0585693453778 0.0662205650399 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.145852262518 0.162205337803 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.021775523703 0.0443174109184 49% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.84 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.79 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.