A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
Recently, there has been a debate on Sinosauropteryx feather.More specifically, in regard to the passage, the writer puts forth three oppositional reasons to show that the organism is not a feathered dinosaur. In the listening passage, the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writer's claim. In fact, he believes and addresses, in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the lines do not represent the functional structures.For instance, when animal died, they get buried in the volcanic ash.Some professionals, in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening , for example, the fine lines did not present any decomposition because other animals are buried at the same site.Besides, these animals shows that the skin are preserved in the volcanic ash.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, feels that fine lines are more likely to be the remains of the frills other than feathers.Of course, though, not all experts in the field believe this is accurate.Again, the speakers addresses this point by claim that there are chemical differences between the fines and the frills,because the fine lines contain a proteinous substance called keratin, however, this is absent in frills.Therefore the protein is assumed to be in feathers.
Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by stating that not only do feathers provide animals with locomotion, but also with homeostasis( internal body regulation). Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this by contending that feathers actually serve other purposes.For example, the peacock has a long colorful feather in its tail, whose function is to attract mates.Moreover, Researcher analysis shows that the tail is orange and white.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 62, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: More
...een a debate on Sinosauropteryx feather.More specifically, in regard to the passage,...
^^^^
Line 2, column 330, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e serious flaws in the writers claim. In fact, he believes and addresses, in deta...
^^
Line 4, column 112, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: For
...not represent the functional structures.For instance, when animal died, they get bu...
^^^
Line 4, column 180, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Some
...ed, they get buried in the volcanic ash.Some professionals, in the same field, howev...
^^^^
Line 4, column 267, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
... stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening , for example, the fine l...
^^
Line 4, column 283, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...pposition to this claim.In the listening , for example, the fine lines did not pre...
^^
Line 4, column 398, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Besides
...her animals are buried at the same site.Besides, these animals shows that the skin are ...
^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 141, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Of
...mains of the frills other than feathers.Of course, though, not all experts in the ...
^^
Line 6, column 214, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Again
...s in the field believe this is accurate.Again, the speakers addresses this point by c...
^^^^^
Line 6, column 332, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , because
...erences between the fines and the frills,because the fine lines contain a proteinous sub...
^^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 437, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
...atin, however, this is absent in frills.Therefore the protein is assumed to be in feather...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 437, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...atin, however, this is absent in frills.Therefore the protein is assumed to be in feather...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 62, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...rings his argument to a close by stating that not only do feathers provide animal...
^^
Line 8, column 247, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...takes issue with this by contending that feathers actually serve other purposes.F...
^^
Line 8, column 288, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: For
... feathers actually serve other purposes.For example, the peacock has a long colorfu...
^^^
Line 8, column 332, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...example, the peacock has a long colorful feather in its tail, whose function is t...
^^
Line 8, column 390, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Moreover
...ail, whose function is to attract mates.Moreover, Researcher analysis shows that the ta...
^^^^^^^^
Line 8, column 434, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...over, Researcher analysis shows that the tail is orange and white.
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, besides, but, finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, therefore, for example, for instance, of course, in regard to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1569.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.33673469388 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.05174374781 2.5805825403 118% => OK
Unique words: 175.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.595238095238 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 479.7 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 7.0 2.5761589404 272% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 42.0 21.2450331126 198% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 148.367992588 49.2860985944 301% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 224.142857143 110.228320801 203% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 42.0 21.698381199 194% => OK
Discourse Markers: 19.1428571429 7.06452816374 271% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 18.0 4.19205298013 429% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.116016635535 0.272083759551 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0410248445542 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0456811739372 0.0662205650399 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0643075921036 0.162205337803 40% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0472266129468 0.0443174109184 107% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 24.7 13.3589403974 185% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 28.85 53.8541721854 54% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 19.7 11.0289183223 179% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.58 12.2367328918 119% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.18 8.42419426049 121% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 18.8 10.498013245 179% => OK
text_standard: 25.0 11.2008830022 223% => The average readability is very high. Good job!
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.