The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
The effects of birth order on an individual's level of simulation has been found by studying eighteen rhesus monkeys and how they react in stimulating situations. A hormone called cortisol is produced during such instances. This study has been co-related with the humans but there are certain things which should be considered before the author makes such a comparison.
The study shows that when the firstborn infant monkeys face stimulating situations such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey, they produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol as compared to their younger sibling. This hormone is responsible for increasing the activity levels in the body. What about other stimulating scenarios such as encountering a wild animal or if it faces danger in some other form? Did the hormone production of the firstborn double even in such situations compared to the younger siblings? Information related to these have not been mentioned. The study must include all possible scenarios and the results should be recorded. If the firstborn monkey's hormone level increases even in other stimulating situations compared to that of the younger siblings, then it is true that the firstborns produce more cortisol hormones.
Next, the result of this study has been compared with that of human firstborns with a theory that even the firstborn humans produce higher level of cortisol in simulating situations. But there is no enough evidence or information to support this. What held good for the monkeys need not necessarily hold good for the humans even though we are from the same ancestors. If the results should hold good, then even the firstborn humans along with their siblings should be subjected to many stimulating situations and their hormone productions should be recorded and compared. If the results match with that of the monkeys then we can say that the clues from the study are true.
The author also mentioned that first-time mother monkeys had higher level of cortisol compared to those who had one or more babies earlier. This can be true since it is the first pregnancy for the mother monkey and hormonal imbalance can be very high compared to other mother monkeys who have already had one or more babies.
Thus, all the above arguments should be considered and analyzed properly by the author before he makes a conclusion on the study.
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Attribute Value Ideal
Score: ? out of 6
Category: ? Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 18 15
No. of Words: 390 350
No. of Characters: 1946 1500
No. of Different Words: 173 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.444 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.99 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.587 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 142 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 105 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 76 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 48 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 21.667 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 8.479 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.556 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.33 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.549 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.092 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5