Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The article explains that recently researcher revealed some remains of tissues in the fossil of tyrannosaurus rex dinosaur's leg bone. The lecture completely opposes the point made in the articles. the professor says that the identification of remaining tissues is skeptical.
First, The passage affirms that the leg bone contains small branching channels and it had soft flexible organic substance. This point is contradicted by the lecturer. he says that that substance is not the blood vessel and it is something else. He further says that it may be bacteria that colonize and formed hollow channels, also left behind the trace of residues.
Second, the microscopic examination proves the presence of spheres in the inner bone. The professor claims this point by explaining that spheres are not the remain of red blood cells. Furthermore, the other fossils of primitive that also found at the same place, didn't have spheres. So it may be originated by some reddish minerals.
Finally, The reading proves another test which showed that leg bone contained collagen. This point is challenged by the lecturer. He says that collagen didn't exist more than 10,000 years and that fossil is 70, million-year-old so it contradicts the point made in the reading. He further says that it may come from other sources like from human during research and handling.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-11-28 | Mohammed AlKhars | 3 | view |
| 2018-10-19 | prem123 | 76 | view |
| 2018-10-18 | Munaim Hossain | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 198, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...opposes the point made in the articles. the professor says that the identification ...
^^^
Line 2, column 168, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
... point is contradicted by the lecturer. he says that that substance is not the blo...
^^
Line 3, column 153, Rule ID: A_INFINITVE[1]
Message: Probably a wrong construction: a/the + infinitive
...oint by explaining that spheres are not the remain of red blood cells. Furthermore, the ot...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 263, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...tive that also found at the same place, didnt have spheres. So it may be originated b...
^^^^^
Line 4, column 152, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
... by the lecturer. He says that collagen didnt exist more than 10,000 years and that f...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, furthermore, if, may, second, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 21.0 30.3222958057 69% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1135.0 1373.03311258 83% => OK
No of words: 220.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.15909090909 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.85128510684 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.74787295651 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 124.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.563636363636 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 339.3 419.366225166 81% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 31.0386139439 49.2860985944 63% => OK
Chars per sentence: 75.6666666667 110.228320801 69% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.6666666667 21.698381199 68% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.6 7.06452816374 51% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0592825606967 0.272083759551 22% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0187585745156 0.0996497079465 19% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0297298125793 0.0662205650399 45% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0405013553917 0.162205337803 25% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0286392861607 0.0443174109184 65% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.2 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 65.73 53.8541721854 122% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.6 11.0289183223 69% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.06 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.85 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.